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长期施用磷肥、轮作和土壤特性引起的土壤全量和 DTPA 可提取镉的空间变异性。

Spatial variability of soil total and DTPA-extractable cadmium caused by long-term application of phosphate fertilizers, crop rotation, and soil characteristics.

机构信息

Soil and Water Department, Khuzestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, 61335-3341 Ahvaz, Iran.

出版信息

Environ Monit Assess. 2013 May;185(5):4087-96. doi: 10.1007/s10661-012-2851-2. Epub 2012 Sep 5.

Abstract

Increasing cadmium (Cd) accumulation in agricultural soils is undesirable due to its hazardous influences on human health. Thus, having more information on spatial variability of Cd and factors effective to increase its content on the cultivated soils is very important. Phosphate fertilizers are main contamination source of cadmium (Cd) in cultivated soils. Also, crop rotation is a critical management practice which can alter soil Cd content. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of long-term consumption of the phosphate fertilizers, crop rotations, and soil characteristics on spatial variability of two soil Cd species (i.e., total and diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) extractable) in agricultural soils. The study was conducted in wheat farms of Khuzestan Province, Iran. Long-term (27-year period (1980 to 2006)) data including the rate and the type of phosphate fertilizers application, the respective area, and the rotation type of different regions were used. Afterwards, soil Cd content (total or DTPA extractable) and its spatial variability in study area (400,000 ha) were determined by sampling from soils of 255 fields. The results showed that the consumption rate of di-ammonium phosphate fertilizer have been varied enormously in the period study. The application rate of phosphorus fertilizers was very high in some subregions with have extensive agricultural activities (more than 95 kg/ha). The average and maximum contents of total Cd in the study region were obtained as 1.47 and 2.19 mg/kg and DTPA-extractable Cd as 0.084 and 0.35 mg/kg, respectively. The spatial variability of Cd indicated that total and DTPA-extractable Cd contents were over 0.8 and 0.1 mg/kg in 95 and 25 % of samples, respectively. The spherical model enjoys the best fitting and lowest error rate to appraise the Cd content. Comparing the phosphate fertilizer consumption rate with spatial variability of the soil cadmium (both total and DTPA extractable) revealed the high correlation between the consumption rate of P fertilizers and soil Cd content. Rotation type was likely the main effective factor on variations of the soil DTPA-extractable Cd contents in some parts (eastern part of study region) and could explain some Cd variation. Total Cd concentrations had significant correlation with the total neutralizing value (p < 0.01), available P (p < 0.01), cation exchange capacity (p < 0.05), and organic carbon (p < 0.05) variables. The DTPA-extractable Cd had significant correlation with OC (p < 0.01), pH, and clay content (p < 0.05). Therefore, consumption rate of the phosphate fertilizers and crop rotation are important factors on solubility and hence spatial variability of Cd content in agricultural soils.

摘要

由于镉(Cd)对人体健康的有害影响,增加农业土壤中的镉积累是不理想的。因此,了解更多关于 Cd 在耕地中的空间变异性以及增加其含量的有效因素非常重要。磷肥是耕地中镉(Cd)的主要污染来源。此外,轮作是一种可以改变土壤 Cd 含量的重要管理措施。本研究旨在评估长期使用磷肥、轮作和土壤特性对农业土壤中两种土壤 Cd 形态(即总 Cd 和二乙烯三胺五乙酸(DTPA)可提取 Cd)空间变异性的影响。该研究在伊朗胡齐斯坦省的小麦农场进行。长期(27 年,1980 年至 2006 年)的数据包括磷肥的施用率和类型、各自的面积以及不同地区的轮作类型。然后,通过从 255 个地块的土壤中采样,确定了研究区域(40 万公顷)的土壤 Cd 含量(总 Cd 或 DTPA 可提取 Cd)及其空间变异性。结果表明,在研究期间,二铵肥料的消耗率变化很大。在农业活动广泛(超过 95 公斤/公顷)的一些子区域,磷肥的施用量非常高。研究区域的总 Cd 平均和最大含量分别为 1.47 和 2.19mg/kg,DTPA 可提取 Cd 分别为 0.084 和 0.35mg/kg。Cd 的空间变异性表明,总 Cd 和 DTPA 可提取 Cd 的含量分别在 95%和 25%的样本中超过 0.8 和 0.1mg/kg。球体模型在评估 Cd 含量方面表现出最佳的拟合度和最低的误差率。将磷肥的消耗率与土壤 Cd 的空间变异性(总 Cd 和 DTPA 可提取 Cd)进行比较,结果表明磷肥的消耗率与土壤 Cd 含量之间存在高度相关性。轮作类型可能是研究区域东部等部分地区土壤 DTPA 可提取 Cd 含量变化的主要影响因素,并可以解释部分 Cd 变化。总 Cd 浓度与总中和值(p<0.01)、有效磷(p<0.01)、阳离子交换量(p<0.05)和有机碳(p<0.05)变量呈显著相关。DTPA 可提取 Cd 与 OC(p<0.01)、pH 和粘粒含量(p<0.05)呈显著相关。因此,磷肥的消耗率和轮作是影响农业土壤中 Cd 含量溶解度和空间变异性的重要因素。

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