Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
Cytokine. 2012 Dec;60(3):661-6. doi: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.08.004. Epub 2012 Sep 16.
Despite vaccine efforts, influenza outbreaks pose a significant threat to global public health. There are two commercially available seasonal influenza vaccines in the United States: the trivalent inactivated vaccine (TIV), delivered parenterally, and the live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV), delivered intranasally. Although both vaccines are generally efficacious, the immunologic mechanisms which contribute to protective immunity are incompletely understood. Thus, we investigated the protracted effects of TIV and LAIV on serum cytokine profiles at 14 and 28 days post-vaccination (when antibody titers are peak) in healthy adults over two influenza seasons. Vaccination with TIV was associated with a small, yet significant, decrease in the levels of both IL-8 and TNF-α at 14 and 28 days post-vaccination. LAIV, however, had no impact on serum cytokine levels. Similarly, analysis of serum antibody titers indicated that TIV recipients had a significantly higher sero-response rate compared to LAIV recipients, as has been previously shown. Finally, we examined the relationship between baseline serum cytokine levels and antibody responses to TIV (LAIV recipients were excluded due to the poor sero-response rate). Interestingly, in TIV recipients pre-vaccination levels of IL-8 were higher in sero-responders compared to non-responders. Collectively, these data suggest that cytokines may influence vaccine outcomes and indicate that parenteral immunization with TIV induces a sustained, systemic cytokine response which lasts for weeks.
尽管已经开展了疫苗接种工作，但流感疫情仍然对全球公共卫生构成重大威胁。美国有两种市售的季节性流感疫苗：三价灭活疫苗（TIV）和鼻内接种的减毒活流感疫苗（LAIV）。尽管这两种疫苗通常都具有疗效，但有助于产生保护性免疫的免疫机制尚未完全了解。因此，我们在两个流感季节中，研究了 TIV 和 LAIV 在接种后 14 天和 28 天（抗体滴度达到峰值时）对健康成年人血清细胞因子谱的长期影响。接种 TIV 后，IL-8 和 TNF-α 的水平在 14 天和 28 天均出现了微小但有统计学意义的下降。然而，LAIV 对血清细胞因子水平没有影响。同样，对血清抗体滴度的分析表明，与 LAIV 组相比，TIV 组的血清抗体应答率明显更高，这与之前的研究结果一致。最后，我们研究了基线血清细胞因子水平与 TIV 抗体应答之间的关系（由于 LAIV 组的血清抗体应答率较差，因此排除了 LAIV 组）。有趣的是，在 TIV 组中，与无应答者相比，应答者在接种前的 IL-8 水平更高。总的来说，这些数据表明细胞因子可能会影响疫苗效果，并表明 TIV 的全身免疫接种会引起持续数周的系统细胞因子反应。
