Sigusch Volkmar
Praxisklinik Vitalicum am Opernplatz, Neue Mainzer Straße 84, 60311 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
Med Hist. 2012 Apr;56(2):184-200. doi: 10.1017/mdh.2011.32.
Albert Moll was one of the most influential sexologists during the first three decades of the twentieth century. In contrast to his rivals Sigmund Freud and Magnus Hirschfeld, his achievements have not yet been recognised adequately. The author gives a comparative account of the work of these three protagonists. This shows that Moll formed some ideas which are regarded as psychoanalytical today before Freud, and that he, in contrast to Hirschfeld, was able to reflect critically on contemporary discourses, such as the debates on racial improvement through eugenics. As scientific theories, Freud's psychoanalysis represented the unconscious, fantasy, experience and latency, while Moll's sexology represented consciousness, ontological reality, behaviour and manifestation. Moll's major disagreement with Hirschfeld's sexology was his advocacy of apolitical and impartial science, whereas Hirschfeld's aim was to achieve sexual reforms politically. Added to these differences were strong personal animosities. Freud called Moll a 'beast' and 'pettifogger'; and Moll complained about Hirschfeld's 'problematic' character. When Hirschfeld escaped the Nazi terror and went to Paris, Moll denounced him in order to prevent him rebuilding a new existence in exile.
阿尔伯特·莫尔是20世纪头三十年里最具影响力的性学家之一。与他的对手西格蒙德·弗洛伊德和马格努斯·赫希菲尔德不同，他的成就尚未得到充分认可。作者对这三位主要人物的作品进行了比较。这表明，莫尔在弗洛伊德之前就形成了一些如今被视为精神分析学的观点，而且与赫希菲尔德不同的是，他能够对当代话语进行批判性反思，比如关于通过优生学改善种族的辩论。作为科学理论，弗洛伊德的精神分析学代表无意识、幻想、经验和潜伏期，而莫尔的性学则代表意识、本体论现实、行为和表现。莫尔与赫希菲尔德的性学的主要分歧在于，他主张科学应脱离政治且保持公正，而赫希菲尔德的目标是通过政治手段实现性改革。除了这些分歧之外，他们之间还存在着强烈的个人敌意。弗洛伊德称莫尔为“野兽”和“讼棍”；而莫尔则抱怨赫希菲尔德“有问题”的性格。当赫希菲尔德逃离纳粹恐怖统治前往巴黎时，莫尔公开指责他，以阻止他在流亡中重新开始生活。
