Department of Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
Memory. 2013 Apr;21(3):347-65. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2012.726629. Epub 2012 Sep 27.
Two experiments used immediate probed recall of words to investigate serial-position effects. Item memory was tested through probing with a semantic category. Relation memory was tested through probing with the word's spatial location of presentation. Input order and output order were deconfounded by presenting and probing items in different orders. Primacy and recency effects over input position were found for both item memory and relation memory. Both item and relation memory declined over output position. The finding of a U-shaped input position function for item memory rules out an explanation purely in terms of positional confusions (e.g., edge effects). Either these serial-position effects arise from variations in the intrinsic memory strength of the items, or they arise from variations in the strength of item-position bindings, together with retrieval by scanning.
两项实验使用即时探测回忆单词来研究序列位置效应。通过探测语义类别来测试项目记忆。通过探测单词呈现的空间位置来测试关系记忆。通过呈现和探测不同顺序的项目，消除了输入顺序和输出顺序的混淆。在项目记忆和关系记忆中都发现了输入位置的首因效应和近因效应。无论是项目记忆还是关系记忆，随着输出位置的增加，记忆都会下降。项目记忆的输入位置函数呈 U 形的发现排除了纯粹基于位置混淆（例如，边缘效应）的解释。这些序列位置效应要么源于项目内在记忆强度的变化，要么源于项目位置结合的强度变化，再加上通过扫描进行检索。
