Reversible effect of maternal exposure to chlorpyrifos on the intermediate granule cell progenitors in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of rat offspring.

To examine the effects of developmental exposure to chlorpyrifos (CPF) on neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus, pregnant rats were treated with 2.8, 14 or 70 ppm CPF in the diet from gestational day 10 to day 21 after delivery. Dams had decreased cholinesterase (ChE) activities in red blood cells (RBC) at intakes of ≥2.8 ppm and in brain at 70 ppm. Offspring on postnatal day (PND) 21 had decreased ChE activities in the RBC and brain at 70 ppm. There were no behavioral abnormalities in the offspring. Immunohistochemical analysis showed decreases in the numbers of cells positive for proliferating cell nuclear antigen and T box brain 2 in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus on PND 21 at 70 ppm, while other progenitor cell populations and the apoptotic cell number were unaffected in this zone. However, on PND 77 all changes had disappeared. The distribution of the progenitor cell population expressing nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α7 and lacking expression of postmitotic neuron-specific nuclear protein was unchanged by CPF-exposure, suggesting no effect of cholinergic stimulation on neurogenesis. These results suggest that developmental exposure to CPF directly but transiently affect the proliferation of type-2 progenitor cell populations in the hippocampal neurogenesis. The lowest-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL) of CPF was determined to be 2.8 ppm (0.36 mg/kg body weight/day) for dams by the inhibition of ChE activity in the RBC at this dose. As for offspring, no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) was determined to be 14 ppm (1.86 mg/kg body weight/day) by the decrease of type-2 progenitor cell proliferation in the SGZ and the inhibition of ChE activity in the RBC and brain at 70 ppm. The NOAEL of dams based on the offspring's effects was approximately 2800 times higher than the estimated consumption of CPF through food in the general population and in pregnant women as examined in Japan.