Middle East Technical University, Dumlupinar Bulv., 06800 Ankara, Turkey.
Biotechnol Adv. 2013 Mar-Apr;31(2):287-311. doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.12.001. Epub 2012 Dec 7.
The beta-lactam antibiotics have been serving mankind for over 70 years. Despite this old age, they continue to provide health to the world population by virtue of industrial production and discoveries of new secondary metabolite molecules with useful activities. Sales of these remarkable compounds have reached over $20 billion dollars per year. They include penicillins, cephalosporins, cefoxitin, monobactams, clavulanic acid and carbapenems. Strain improvement of the penicillin-producing species of Penicillium has been truly remarkable, with present strains producing about 100,000 times more penicillin that the original Penicillium notatum of Alexander Fleming. A tremendous amount of information has been gathered on the biosynthetic enzymes involved, the pathways of biosynthesis of beta-lactams as well as their regulation, and the genomics and proteomics of the producing organisms. Modern aspects of the processes are discussed in the present review including genetics, molecular biology, metabolic engineering, genomics and proteomics.
β-内酰胺类抗生素已经为人类服务了 70 多年。尽管历史悠久，但它们通过工业生产和发现具有有用活性的新次级代谢产物分子，继续为世界人口提供健康。这些非凡化合物的销售额每年超过 200 亿美元。它们包括青霉素类、头孢菌素类、头孢西丁、单酰胺类、克拉维酸和碳青霉烯类。青霉素产生菌的菌株改良确实令人瞩目，目前的菌株产生的青霉素比亚历山大·弗莱明最初的产黄青霉多约 100,000 倍。人们已经收集了大量关于参与生物合成的酶、β-内酰胺生物合成途径及其调控以及产生菌的基因组学和蛋白质组学的信息。本综述讨论了现代工艺的各个方面，包括遗传学、分子生物学、代谢工程、基因组学和蛋白质组学。
