Bashford Alison, Tracy Sarah W
University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
Bull Hist Med. 2012 Winter;86(4):495-514. doi: 10.1353/bhm.2012.0084.
Twenty-four centuries have passed since the doctrine of AirsWaters Places was articulated in the Hippocratic corpus, promoting a mutually constitutive vision of humankind and climate. Yet the "airs, waters, places tradition" has proved remarkably resilient and adaptable as a framing device for relations among nations, natural and human resources, and human health. Redeployed in diverse historical contexts across time, the relationship between climate and humans has evolved from a dependent one in which human constitution and health are determined by climate to an interdependent one in which humans and climate influence one another. Recent scholarship extends the ways in which historians of colonial medicine, neo-Hippocratic medicine, public health, tropical disease, and race have characterized the climate-human nexus and its attendant politics. Through the exploration of the works of circumnavigators, physicians, physiologists, ecologists, geographers, paleoanthropologists, and economists, contributors to this special issue offer some new and sometimes challenging interpretations of medical climatology: beyond the link between tropical medicine and colonialism, beyond temperate versus tropical, beyond latitude to think of altitude.
自《空气、水和地域》学说在希波克拉底文集中被阐述以来，已经过去了二十四个世纪，该学说倡导一种人类与气候相互构成的观点。然而，“空气、水、地域传统”已被证明是一种极具韧性和适应性的框架，用于构建国家之间、自然资源与人力资源以及人类健康之间的关系。随着时间的推移，在不同的历史背景下被重新运用，气候与人类的关系已从一种人类体质和健康由气候决定的依赖关系，演变为一种人类与气候相互影响的相互依存关系。最近的学术研究拓展了殖民地医学、新希波克拉底医学、公共卫生、热带病和种族领域的历史学家描述气候与人类关系及其相关政治的方式。通过对航海家、医生、生理学家、生态学家、地理学家、古人类学家和经济学家作品的探索，本期特刊的撰稿人对医学气候学提出了一些新的、有时颇具挑战性的解读：超越热带医学与殖民主义之间的联系，超越温带与热带的区分，超越纬度去思考海拔高度。
