Fiorito G, von Planta C, Scotto P
Laboratorio di Neurobiologia, Stazione Zoologica A. Dohrn di Napoli, Italy.
Behav Neural Biol. 1990 Mar;53(2):217-30. doi: 10.1016/0163-1047(90)90441-8.
Experiments presented in this study show that Octopus vulgaris Lamarck is able to open transparent glass jars closed with a plastic plug and containing a live crab (Carcinus mediterraneus). The animals remove the plus (Operandum: O) and seize the crab (Predation :P) in one single attack. The number of unsuccessful attacks appears to decrease over a series of trials (p less than .01); during the same period exploration time remains unchanged. There is a statistically significant increase in performance over trials for O (p less than .01) and P (p less than .05) mean times analyzed by single factor ANOVA, suggesting that the learning process is accomplished either by stimulus-response association or by trial and error. We propose that Octopus vulgaris is capable of learning the solutions of both problems, Operandum and Predation, thus showing a highly developed ability of "integration" of the behavioral program.
本研究中的实验表明，普通章鱼（Octopus vulgaris Lamarck）能够打开用塑料塞封闭且装有活蟹（地中海蟹，Carcinus mediterraneus）的透明玻璃罐。这些动物在一次攻击中就移除塞子（操作对象：O）并抓住螃蟹（捕食行为：P）。在一系列试验中，未成功攻击的次数似乎有所减少（p小于0.01）；在同一时期，探索时间保持不变。通过单因素方差分析，操作对象（O）和捕食行为（P）的平均时间在各试验中的表现有统计学上的显著提高（O，p小于0.01；P，p小于0.05），这表明学习过程是通过刺激-反应关联或试错来完成的。我们认为普通章鱼能够学习解决操作对象和捕食这两个问题的方法，从而展现出行为程序“整合”的高度发达能力。
