Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom.
Annu Rev Entomol. 2013;58:227-50. doi: 10.1146/annurev-ento-120811-153557.
Phlebotomines are the sole or principal vectors of Leishmania, Bartonella bacilliformis, and some arboviruses. The coevolution of sand flies with Leishmania species of mammals and lizards is considered in relation to the landscape epidemiology of leishmaniasis, a neglected tropical disease. Evolutionary hypotheses are unresolved, so a practical phlebotomine classification is proposed to aid biomedical information retrieval. The vectors of Leishmania are tabulated and new criteria for their incrimination are given. Research on fly-parasite-host interactions, fly saliva, and behavioral ecology is reviewed in relation to parasite manipulation of blood feeding, vaccine targets, and pheromones for lures. Much basic research is based on few transmission cycles, so generalizations should be made with caution. Integrated research and control programs have begun, but improved control of leishmaniasis and nuisance-biting requires greater emphasis on population genetics and transmission modeling. Most leishmaniasis transmission is zoonotic, affecting the poor and tourists in rural and natural areas, and therefore control should be compatible with environmental conservation.
白蛉是利什曼原虫、杆状巴尔通体和一些虫媒病毒的唯一或主要载体。与被忽视的热带病利什曼病的景观流行病学相关联，考虑到了沙蝇与哺乳动物和蜥蜴的利什曼原虫物种的共同进化。进化假说尚未得到解决，因此提出了一种实用的白蛉分类法，以帮助生物医学信息检索。列出了利什曼原虫的传播媒介，并给出了其归罪的新标准。根据寄生虫对吸血的操纵、疫苗靶点和引诱剂的信息素，审查了蝇-寄生虫-宿主相互作用、蝇唾液和行为生态学的研究。许多基础研究基于少数传播周期，因此应该谨慎地进行概括。已经开始了综合研究和控制计划，但要更好地控制利什曼病和讨厌的叮咬，需要更加重视种群遗传学和传播建模。大多数利什曼病传播是动物源性的，影响农村和自然地区的贫困人群和游客，因此控制应该与环境保护相兼容。
