Right ventricular perforation during femoral venous cannulation--lessons learned.

Peripheral cannulation for cardiopulmonary bypass is increasingly used for minimally invasive and re-operative cardiac surgery. Transoesophageal echo (TOE) is used routinely to guide placement of the peripheral venous cannula in the right atrium/superior vena cava (SVC). We here present a case where despite use of TOE, placement of the venous cannula led to perforation of the right ventricular apex. We describe the surgical management of the problem and highlight strategies to avoid this complication.