Li Hong, Williams Trevor
Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, USA.
J Vis Exp. 2013 Apr 12(74):50248. doi: 10.3791/50248.
Orofacial clefts are the most frequent craniofacial defects, which affect 1.5 in 1,000 newborns worldwide. Orofacial clefting is caused by abnormal facial development. In human and mouse, initial growth and patterning of the face relies on several small buds of tissue, the facial prominences. The face is derived from six main prominences: paired frontal nasal processes (FNP), maxillary prominences (MxP) and mandibular prominences (MdP). These prominences consist of swellings of mesenchyme that are encased in an overlying epithelium. Studies in multiple species have shown that signaling crosstalk between facial ectoderm and mesenchyme is critical for shaping the face. Yet, mechanistic details concerning the genes involved in these signaling relays are lacking. One way to gain a comprehensive understanding of gene expression, transcription factor binding, and chromatin marks associated with the developing facial ectoderm and mesenchyme is to isolate and characterize the separated tissue compartments. Here we present a method for separating facial ectoderm and mesenchyme at embryonic day (E) 10.5, a critical developmental stage in mouse facial formation that precedes fusion of the prominences. Our method is adapted from the approach we have previously used for dissecting facial prominences. In this earlier study we had employed inbred C57BL/6 mice as this strain has become a standard for genetics, genomics and facial morphology. Here, though, due to the more limited quantities of tissue available, we have utilized the outbred CD-1 strain that is cheaper to purchase, more robust for husbandry, and tending to produce more embryos (12-18) per litter than any inbred mouse strain. Following embryo isolation, neutral protease Dispase II was used to treat the whole embryo. Then, the facial prominences were dissected out, and the facial ectoderm was separated from the mesenchyme. This method keeps both the facial ectoderm and mesenchyme intact. The samples obtained using this methodology can be used for techniques including protein detection, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay, microarray studies, and RNA-seq.
口腔颌面部裂隙是最常见的颅面缺陷,全球每1000名新生儿中就有1.5人受其影响。口腔颌面部裂隙是由面部发育异常引起的。在人类和小鼠中,面部的初始生长和形态形成依赖于几个小的组织芽,即面部突起。面部由六个主要突起衍生而来:成对的额鼻突(FNP)、上颌突(MxP)和下颌突(MdP)。这些突起由包裹在上皮组织中的间充质肿胀组成。对多个物种的研究表明,面部外胚层和间充质之间的信号串扰对于塑造面部至关重要。然而,关于这些信号传递中涉及的基因的机制细节尚不清楚。全面了解与发育中的面部外胚层和间充质相关的基因表达、转录因子结合和染色质标记的一种方法是分离并表征分离的组织区室。在这里,我们介绍一种在胚胎第10.5天(E10.5)分离面部外胚层和间充质的方法,这是小鼠面部形成过程中一个关键的发育阶段,在此阶段突起尚未融合。我们的方法改编自我们之前用于解剖面部突起的方法。在早期的这项研究中,我们使用了近交系C57BL/6小鼠,因为该品系已成为遗传学、基因组学和面部形态学的标准。不过在这里,由于可用组织数量更为有限,我们使用了远交系CD-1小鼠品系,它购买成本更低,饲养起来更强壮,并且每窝产仔数(12 - 18只)往往比任何近交系小鼠品系都多。胚胎分离后,使用中性蛋白酶Dispase II处理整个胚胎。然后,解剖出面部突起,并将面部外胚层与间充质分离。这种方法可使面部外胚层和间充质均保持完整。使用该方法获得的样本可用于蛋白质检测、染色质免疫沉淀(ChIP)分析、微阵列研究和RNA测序等技术。
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