Dinuclear complexes of copper and zinc with m-xylene/cyclohexane-linked bis-aspartic acids: synthesis, characterization, dioxygen activation, and catalytic oxidation of nitrobenzene in pure aqueous solution.

Two new m-xylene/cyclohexane-linked bis-aspartic acid ligands, L(b) and L(c), were synthesized via Michael addition in basic aqueous solution. Their structures were characterized by elemental analysis, NMR and MS spectrometry. Both ligands react with Cu(II) and Zn(II) to form dinuclear complexes, with M2L(OH)(-) the major species in neutral/weak basic aqueous solution. To quantify the relative interaction strength between a Lewis acid and base, a new parameter σ = log K/14 was proposed which compares the stability constant with the binding constant between H(+) and OH(-). The dinuclear copper complexes (L(b)-2Cu and L(c)-2Cu) react with H2O2 in aqueous solution. The reaction in 0.020 M phosphate buffer at pH 7.5 is first-order for [L(c)-2Cu], but second-order for [L(b)-2Cu]. The oxidation products are oxygenated and/or dehydrogenated species. Radical trapping tests indicate that both complexes slightly scavenge the OH˙ radical, but generate the H˙ radical. L(c)-2Cu generates the H˙ radical much more effectively than that of L(b)-2Cu when reacted with H2O2. Both complexes are excellent catalysts for the oxidation of nitrobenzene in the presence of H2O2 in weakly basic aqueous solution. The oxidation follows the rate-law v = k[complex][nitrobenzene][H2O2]. The k values in pH 8.0 phosphate buffer at 25 °C are 211.2 ± 0.3 and 607.9 ± 1.7 mol(-2) L(2) s(-1) for L(b)-2Cu and L(c)-2Cu, respectively. The Arrhenius activation energies are 69.4 ± 2.2 and 70.0 ± 4.3 kJ mol(-1) for L(b)-2Cu and L(c)-2Cu, respectively, while the Arrhenius pre-exponential factors are 2.62 × 10(14) and 1.06 × 10(15), respectively. The larger pre-exponential factor makes L(c)-2Cu more catalytically active than L(b)-2Cu. These complexes are some of the most effective oxidation catalysts known for the oxidation of nitrobenzene.