NSW Department of Premier and Cabinet, Office of Environment and Heritage, PO Box A290, Sydney South, NSW, 1232, Australia.
Glob Chang Biol. 2014 Jan;20(1):147-57. doi: 10.1111/gcb.12341. Epub 2013 Nov 11.
Mangroves are species of halophytic intertidal trees and shrubs derived from tropical genera and are likely delimited in latitudinal range by varying sensitivity to cold. There is now sufficient evidence that mangrove species have proliferated at or near their poleward limits on at least five continents over the past half century, at the expense of salt marsh. Avicennia is the most cold-tolerant genus worldwide, and is the subject of most of the observed changes. Avicennia germinans has extended in range along the USA Atlantic coast and expanded into salt marsh as a consequence of lower frost frequency and intensity in the southern USA. The genus has also expanded into salt marsh at its southern limit in Peru, and on the Pacific coast of Mexico. Mangroves of several species have expanded in extent and replaced salt marsh where protected within mangrove reserves in Guangdong Province, China. In south-eastern Australia, the expansion of Avicennia marina into salt marshes is now well documented, and Rhizophora stylosa has extended its range southward, while showing strong population growth within estuaries along its southern limits in northern New South Wales. Avicennia marina has extended its range southwards in South Africa. The changes are consistent with the poleward extension of temperature thresholds coincident with sea-level rise, although the specific mechanism of range extension might be complicated by limitations on dispersal or other factors. The shift from salt marsh to mangrove dominance on subtropical and temperate shorelines has important implications for ecological structure, function, and global change adaptation.
红树林是热带属种的盐生潮间带乔木和灌木，其分布范围可能因对寒冷的敏感程度而有所不同。现在有足够的证据表明，在过去半个世纪里，至少在五个大陆的近极地区域，红树林物种的数量有所增加，而盐沼则有所减少。海桑属是全球最耐寒的属，也是观察到的大多数变化的主题。在佛罗里达州南部，由于霜冻频率和强度降低，使海桑属的红树植物苍劲秋茄的分布范围沿美国大西洋海岸延伸，并扩展到盐沼中。该属也在其在秘鲁的南部极限和墨西哥的太平洋海岸扩展到盐沼中。在中国广东省的红树林保护区内，几种红树植物的范围扩大，取代了盐沼。在澳大利亚东南部，海桑属植物向盐沼扩展的现象已得到充分证实，而无瓣海桑的分布范围向南延伸，同时在新南威尔士州北部其南部边界的河口也表现出强劲的种群增长。在南非，海桑属的分布范围也向南延伸。这些变化与海平面上升导致的温度阈值向极区扩展是一致的，尽管范围扩展的具体机制可能因扩散限制或其他因素而变得复杂。亚热带和温带海岸线从盐沼向红树林优势的转变对生态结构、功能和全球变化适应具有重要意义。
