Lydy Michael J, Landrum Peter F, Oen Amy Mp, Allinson Mayumi, Smedes Foppe, Harwood Amanda D, Li Huizhen, Maruya Keith A, Liu Jingfu
Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, USA.
Integr Environ Assess Manag. 2014 Apr;10(2):167-78. doi: 10.1002/ieam.1503. Epub 2014 Feb 18.
This manuscript surveys the literature on passive sampler methods (PSMs) used in contaminated sediments to assess the chemical activity of organic contaminants. The chemical activity in turn dictates the reactivity and bioavailability of contaminants in sediment. Approaches to measure specific binding of compounds to sediment components, for example, amorphous carbon or specific types of reduced carbon, and the associated partition coefficients are difficult to determine, particularly for native sediment. Thus, the development of PSMs that represent the chemical activity of complex compound-sediment interactions, expressed as the freely dissolved contaminant concentration in porewater (Cfree ), offer a better proxy for endpoints of concern, such as reactivity, bioaccumulation, and toxicity. Passive sampling methods have estimated Cfree using both kinetic and equilibrium operating modes and used various polymers as the sorbing phase, for example, polydimethylsiloxane, polyethylene, and polyoxymethylene in various configurations, such as sheets, coated fibers, or vials containing thin films. These PSMs have been applied in laboratory exposures and field deployments covering a variety of spatial and temporal scales. A wide range of calibration conditions exist in the literature to estimate Cfree , but consensus values have not been established. The most critical criteria are the partition coefficient between water and the polymer phase and the equilibrium status of the sampler. In addition, the PSM must not appreciably deplete Cfree in the porewater. Some of the future challenges include establishing a standard approach for PSM measurements, correcting for nonequilibrium conditions, establishing guidance for selection and implementation of PSMs, and translating and applying data collected by PSMs.
本手稿综述了用于污染沉积物中评估有机污染物化学活性的被动采样器方法（PSM）的相关文献。化学活性反过来又决定了沉积物中污染物的反应性和生物可利用性。测量化合物与沉积物成分（例如无定形碳或特定类型的还原碳）的特异性结合以及相关分配系数的方法很难确定，尤其是对于天然沉积物。因此，开发能够代表复杂化合物 - 沉积物相互作用化学活性（以孔隙水中自由溶解的污染物浓度（Cfree）表示）的PSM，能更好地替代诸如反应性、生物累积和毒性等关注的终点指标。被动采样方法已使用动力学和平衡操作模式估算Cfree，并使用各种聚合物作为吸附相，例如聚二甲基硅氧烷、聚乙烯和聚甲醛，其具有各种配置，如薄片、涂层纤维或含有薄膜的小瓶。这些PSM已应用于涵盖各种空间和时间尺度的实验室暴露和现场部署。文献中存在广泛的校准条件来估算Cfree，但尚未确定共识值。最关键的标准是水与聚合物相之间的分配系数以及采样器的平衡状态。此外，PSM不得明显消耗孔隙水中的Cfree。未来的一些挑战包括建立PSM测量的标准方法、校正非平衡条件、建立PSM选择和实施的指南，以及转化和应用PSM收集的数据。
