Dublis Stephanie, Shah Shefali, Nand Sucha, Anderes Elise
Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA.
Handb Clin Neurol. 2014;120:1005-14. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-7020-4087-0.00067-X.
Anemias are one of the commonest maladies affecting humans. They result from either a failure of production by the bone marrow (hypoproliferative), or from premature destruction or loss (hyperproliferative) of red cells. Hypoproliferative anemias typically result from deficiencies of essential nutrients, stem cell abnormalities or deficiency, and infiltrative processes of the bone marrow. In the hyperproliferative forms, the bone marrow function is normal and anemia results from bleeding or shortened erythrocyte lifespan due to hemoglobinopathies, red cell enzyme disorders, membrane defects, or external factors such as antibodies, trauma, or heat injury. The etiology of anemia is frequently obvious, but when obscure, a systematic diagnostic approach frequently yields the answer. It is important to realize that anemias are usually a consequence of another disease process, which must be identified. Without correction of the underlying disease process, the treatment is likely to fail.
贫血是影响人类最常见的疾病之一。它们要么是由于骨髓生成失败（增殖低下），要么是由于红细胞过早破坏或丢失（增殖过度）所致。增殖低下性贫血通常是由于必需营养素缺乏、干细胞异常或缺乏以及骨髓浸润性病变引起的。在增殖过度性贫血中，骨髓功能正常，贫血是由于出血或由于血红蛋白病、红细胞酶紊乱、膜缺陷或抗体、创伤或热损伤等外部因素导致红细胞寿命缩短所致。贫血的病因通常很明显，但当不明确时，系统的诊断方法往往能得出答案。必须认识到贫血通常是另一种疾病过程的结果，必须加以识别。如果不纠正潜在的疾病过程，治疗很可能会失败。
