Division of Evolution Ecology and Genetics, Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia; Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, Jyväskylä, 40014, Finland.
Mol Ecol. 2014 Mar;23(5):987-91. doi: 10.1111/mec.12662. Epub 2014 Feb 18.
Sexual reproduction is problematic to explain due to its costs, most notably the twofold cost of sex. Yet, sex has been suggested to be favourable in the presence of proliferating intragenomic parasites given that sexual recombination provides a mechanism to confine the accumulation of deleterious mutations. Kraaijeveld et al. compared recently the accumulation of transposons in sexually and asexually reproducing lines of the same species, the parasitoid wasp Leptopilina clavipes. They discovered that within asexually reproducing wasps, the number of gypsy-like retrotransposons was increased fourfold, whereas other retrotransposons were not. Interestingly, gypsy-like retrotransposons are closely related to retroviruses. Endogenous retroviruses are retroviruses that have integrated to the germ line cells and are inherited thereafter vertically. They can also replicate within the genome similarly to retrotransposons as well as form virus particles and infect previously uninfected cells. This highlights the possibility that endogenous retroviruses could play a role in the evolution of sexual reproduction. Here, we show with an individual-based computational model that a virus epidemic within a previously parasite-free asexual population may establish a new intragenomic parasite to the population. Moreover and in contrast to other transposons, the possibility of endogenous viruses to maintain a virus epidemic and simultaneously provide resistance to individuals carrying active endogenous viruses selects for the presence of active intragenomic parasites in the population despite their deleterious effects. Our results suggest that the viral nature of certain intragenomic parasites should be taken into account when sex and its benefits are being considered.
有性繁殖因其成本而难以解释,其中最显著的是性别的双重代价。然而,在增殖的内共生寄生虫存在的情况下,性被认为是有利的,因为性重组提供了一种机制来限制有害突变的积累。Kraaijeveld 等人最近比较了同种寄生蜂——Leptopilina clavipes 的有性和无性繁殖系中转座子的积累情况。他们发现,在无性繁殖的黄蜂中,gypsy 样反转录转座子的数量增加了四倍,而其他反转录转座子则没有增加。有趣的是,gypsy 样反转录转座子与逆转录病毒密切相关。内源性逆转录病毒是整合到生殖细胞中的逆转录病毒,此后通过垂直遗传。它们也可以像反转录转座子一样在基因组内复制,形成病毒颗粒并感染以前未感染的细胞。这突出了内源性逆转录病毒在有性生殖进化中的可能性。在这里,我们通过个体为基础的计算模型表明,以前无寄生虫的无性种群中的病毒流行可能会导致种群中出现新的内共生寄生虫。此外,与其他转座子不同,内源性病毒维持病毒流行并同时为携带活性内源性病毒的个体提供抗性的可能性选择了种群中活性内共生寄生虫的存在,尽管它们具有有害影响。我们的研究结果表明,在考虑性及其益处时,应考虑某些内共生寄生虫的病毒性质。