[失业的个体发育条件]

Buchtová Božena, Smajs Josef, Kulhavý Viktor, Okrajek Petr, Kukla Lubomír

Cas Lek Cesk. 2014;153(1):13-21.

BACKGROUND

Previous unemployment studies mostly dealt with unemployments economic causes and consequences. Hidden causes of male unemployment, independent from socio-economic circumstances of a society, could consist, besides others, in natural biological factors - family experience during childhood. Theoretical background of our study included the concept of psychical deprivation, the concept of human ontogenesis developmental stages of E. Erikson and knowledge of biodromal psychology. Using data from the European Longitudinal Study of Parenthood and Childhood international project we compared groups of employed and unemployed men by means of a retrospective survey and we studied the following: 1. What differences there were in their childhood; 2. To what extent educational approaches transfer from parents to their children; 3. What influence has negative experience from childhood on the future assertion of men in the labour market.

METHODS AND RESULTS

The survey set consisted of 3141 (88.7%) employed men and 399 (11.3%) unemployed men in 1991-1992. Basic research data were acquired by means of questionnaires. Relative risk was used to compare the groups of the employed and the unemployed. The employed men are more likely to be from complete families then the unemployed men. The unemployed men, in comparison to the employed men, 2.08 times more frequently spent their childhood in orphanages, children's villages or in foster families, 3.89 times more frequently attended special schools, 2.22 times more frequently lived away from home until the age of 18 and 2.51 times more frequently lived in detention centres or in diagnostic institutes until the age of 18 (p < 0.001). 66.6% of the employed men and 65.1% of the unemployed men were psychically and physically abused in their childhood.

CONCLUSION

Consequences of negative experience from childhood decrease the chances of inclusion of young men into the labour market. Social roles of young men (future fathers) could be also distorted by such experience. Social integration and social success rate of the unemployed men group therefore develops in an unfavourable direction.

背景

以往的失业研究大多关注失业的经济原因和后果。除其他因素外，男性失业的潜在原因可能独立于社会的社会经济环境，其中包括自然生物因素——童年时期的家庭经历。我们研究的理论背景包括心理剥夺概念、埃里克·埃里克森的人类个体发育阶段概念以及生物节律心理学知识。利用欧洲亲子与儿童纵向研究国际项目的数据，我们通过回顾性调查对在职和失业男性群体进行了比较，并研究了以下内容：1. 他们童年时期存在哪些差异；2. 教育方式在多大程度上从父母传递给子女；3. 童年的负面经历对男性未来在劳动力市场的自信有何影响。

方法与结果

该调查样本包括1991 - 1992年的3141名（88.7%）在职男性和399名（11.3%）失业男性。基本研究数据通过问卷调查获得。采用相对风险来比较在职和失业群体。在职男性来自完整家庭的可能性高于失业男性。与在职男性相比，失业男性在孤儿院、儿童村或寄养家庭度过童年的频率高出2.08倍，就读特殊学校的频率高出3.89倍，18岁前离家居住的频率高出2.22倍，18岁前在拘留中心或诊断机构生活的频率高出2.51倍（p < 0.001）。66.6%的在职男性和65.1%的失业男性在童年时期遭受过身心虐待。