In vitro and in vivo efficacy of a novel quinuclidinone derivative against breast cancer.

Previously, our laboratory reported on novel quinuclidinone derivatives that cause cytotoxicity in human non-small lung carcinoma epithelial cells null for p53 (H1299). The current study aims to investigate the effect of novel designed quinuclidinone derivatives on cytotoxicity towards human MCF-7 breast cancer cells, normal breast epithelial cells (MCF-12a) and an animal model of breast cancer. Quinuclidinone 2 induced growth inhibition mainly through apoptosis in breast cancer cells (MCF-7), with less cytotoxic effects towards normal breast epithelial cells (MCF-12a) compared to the other derivatives. Our novel quinuclidinone-2 increased expression of p53 and cyclin-D and reduced expression levels of (Mdm2), (Bcl-2) and (Akt). It also reduced expression of (Bax) as down stream target of p53 at both RNA and protein levels. Additionally, quinuclidinone 2 induced G1 phase arrest presumably sensitizing breast cancer cells to apoptosis by increasing expression of p21. In vivo studies were performed to assess the anticancer effect of quinuclidinone 2 on N-Nitroso-N-methylurea-induced breast cancer in female rats by evaluating physiological processes and the expression levels of β-catenin and E-cadherin. The approximate lethal dose of quinuclidinone 2 was determined to be 90 mg/kg and it led to significant reduction in tumor size compared to the untreated group. In vivo studies revealed that quninuclidinone derivative 6 does not induce any apparent toxicity towards the treated hosts and under the present experimental set up seems to be a promising candidate for further evaluation in cancer therapy.