Utility of intraoperative fetal heart rate monitoring for cerebral arteriovenous malformation surgery during pregnancy.

We report two methods of intraoperative fetal heart rate (FHR) monitoring in cases of cerebral arteriovenous malformation surgery during pregnancy. In one case in her third trimester, cardiotocography was used. In another case in her second trimester, ultrasound sonography was used, with a transesophageal echo probe attached to her lower abdomen. Especially, the transesophageal echo probe was useful because of the advantages of being flexible and easy to attach to the mother's lower abdomen comparing with the usual doppler ultrasound probe. In both cases, the surgery was successfully performed and FHR was monitored safely and stably. The use of intraoperative FHR monitoring provides information about the influence of induced maternal hypotension and unexpected bleeding on fetus during surgery. These monitoring techniques would be especially emphasized in cerebrovascular surgery for the safe management of both mother and fetus.