Benardot Dan, Zimmermann Wes, Cox Gregory R, Marks Saul
Department of Nutrition, Georgia State University, Atlanta GA.
Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2014 Aug;24(4):392-403. doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.2014-0012. Epub 2014 Jun 17.
Competitive diving involves grace, power, balance, and flexibility, which all require satisfying daily energy and nutrient needs. Divers are short, well-muscled, and lean, giving them a distinct biomechanical advantage. Although little diving-specific nutrition research on performance and health outcomes exists, there is concern that divers are excessively focused on body weight and composition, which may result in reduced dietary intake to achieve desired physique goals. This will result in low energy availability, which may have a negative impact on their power-to-weight ratio and health risks. Evidence is increasing that restrictive dietary practices leading to low energy availability also result in micronutrient deficiencies, premature fatigue, frequent injuries, and poor athletic performance. On the basis of daily training demands, estimated energy requirements for male and female divers are 3,500 kcal and 2,650 kcal, respectively. Divers should consume a diet that provides 3-8 g/kg/day of carbohydrate, with the higher values accommodating growth and development. Total daily protein intake (1.2-1.7 g/kg) should be spread evenly throughout the day in 20 to 30 g amounts and timed appropriately after training sessions. Divers should consume nutrient-dense foods and fluids and, with medical supervision, certain dietary supplements (i.e., calcium and iron) may be advisable. Although sweat loss during indoor training is relatively low, divers should follow appropriate fluid-intake strategies to accommodate anticipated sweat losses in hot and humid outdoor settings. A multidisciplinary sports medicine team should be integral to the daily training environment, and suitable foods and fluids should be made available during prolonged practices and competitions.
竞技跳水需要优雅、力量、平衡和灵活性，而这些都需要满足每日的能量和营养需求。跳水运动员身材矮小、肌肉发达且体型消瘦，这赋予了他们独特的生物力学优势。尽管针对跳水运动表现和健康结果的特定营养研究较少，但人们担心跳水运动员过度关注体重和身体成分，这可能导致为了达到理想的体型目标而减少饮食摄入量。这将导致能量供应不足，可能会对他们的力量体重比产生负面影响，并带来健康风险。越来越多的证据表明，导致能量供应不足的限制性饮食习惯还会导致微量营养素缺乏、过早疲劳、频繁受伤以及运动表现不佳。根据每日训练需求，男性和女性跳水运动员的估计能量需求分别为3500千卡和2650千卡。跳水运动员应摄入一种饮食，提供3 - 8克/千克/天的碳水化合物，较高的值适合生长发育。每日蛋白质总摄入量（1.2 - 1.7克/千克）应在一天中均匀分配，每次20至30克，并在训练后适当安排时间摄入。跳水运动员应食用营养丰富的食物和液体，在医疗监督下，某些膳食补充剂（如钙和铁）可能是可取的。尽管室内训练期间的出汗量相对较低，但跳水运动员应遵循适当的液体摄入策略，以适应炎热潮湿的室外环境中预期的出汗损失。多学科运动医学团队应融入日常训练环境，在长时间的训练和比赛期间应提供合适的食物和液体。
