Fabres-Klein M H, Aguilar A P, Silva M P, Silva D M, Ribon A O B
Laboratorio de Biotecnologia Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2014 Dec;33(12):2095-104. doi: 10.1007/s10096-014-2181-0. Epub 2014 Jun 20.
Bovine mastitis is the primary disease of dairy cattle that has a great impact on the dairy industry. It is estimated that worldwide economic losses due to mastitis range between US$82 and US$131 per cow/year. A fast and efficient diagnosis of the disease remains a major bottleneck that directly influences the speed with which treatment decisions and management are undertaken. Microbiological culture remains the gold standard in the identification of bacteria that cause mastitis, but the method has inherent limitations, such as a delay in obtaining results and cost, and requires special care during the collection and processing of the sample. For this reason, multiple groups have devoted efforts to develop alternative methods that, preferably, can be easily accomplished in the field. The specificity of the antigen-antibody reaction has enabled the emergence of major diagnostic methods used in clinical practice, such as immunoassays, which have significant advantages in terms of speed, sensitivity, specificity, and portability. Commercially, immunodiagnostics have been used in the detection of various diseases in cattle. However, in several cases, only a presumptive diagnosis can be made, which requires confirmation using culture-based methods. This review discusses the immunological-based assays developed since the 1990s for the detection of Staphylococcus aureus, which is considered the primary pathogen of contagious bovine mastitis. Although no ideal antigens ensure the accurate performance of tests and the costs need to be reduced to allow for good market competitiveness, immunoassays, particularly lateral flow immunoassay and immunoagglutination, have emerged as promising tests to be used in the field.
奶牛乳腺炎是奶牛的主要疾病，对乳制品行业有很大影响。据估计，全球因乳腺炎造成的经济损失为每头奶牛每年82美元至131美元。快速有效地诊断该疾病仍然是一个主要瓶颈，直接影响治疗决策和管理的速度。微生物培养仍然是鉴定引起乳腺炎细菌的金标准，但该方法存在固有局限性，如结果获取延迟和成本高，且在样本采集和处理过程中需要特别小心。因此，多个研究团队致力于开发替代方法，最好能在现场轻松完成。抗原-抗体反应的特异性促使了临床实践中主要诊断方法的出现，如免疫测定法，该方法在速度、灵敏度、特异性和便携性方面具有显著优势。在商业上，免疫诊断已用于检测牛的各种疾病。然而，在一些情况下，只能做出初步诊断，这需要使用基于培养的方法进行确认。本综述讨论了自20世纪90年代以来开发的用于检测金黄色葡萄球菌的基于免疫学的检测方法，金黄色葡萄球菌被认为是传染性奶牛乳腺炎的主要病原体。尽管没有理想的抗原能确保检测的准确性能，且需要降低成本以具备良好的市场竞争力，但免疫测定法，特别是侧向流动免疫测定法和免疫凝集法，已成为有望在现场使用的检测方法。
