IFTM - Instituto Federal do Triangulo Mineiro, Campus Uberaba, Uberaba, MG, Brazil; CITAB-UTAD - Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
CITAB-UTAD - Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
Sci Total Environ. 2014 Sep 15;493:812-27. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.068. Epub 2014 Jul 4.
The quality of groundwater was evaluated in a rural watershed of northern Portugal (River Sordo basin) where environmental land use conflicts have developed in the course of a progressive invasion of forest and pasture lands by agriculture, especially by vineyards. The selected groundwater quality parameters were the concentrations of sodium, calcium, bicarbonate, chloride and nitrates, derived from natural and anthropogenic sources. The environmental land use conflicts were revealed by the coupling of land use and land capability raster maps. The land capability evaluation allocated 70.3% of the basin to the practicing of agriculture, 20% to livestock pasturing and 9.7% to a mosaic of land uses including agriculture, livestock pasturing and forestry. The assessment of land use conflicts allocated 93.9% of the basin to no conflict areas. Minor conflict areas (4.1%) were found concentrated in the western region of the watershed. They correspond to an invasion of farmlands towards sectors of the catchment capable for the practicing of livestock pasturing. Moderate (1.6%) and major (0.4%) conflict areas were found limited to the eastern region, matching steep hillsides capable for the practicing of livestock pasturing or forestry but presently occupied with vineyards. The spatial distributions of ion concentrations were generally justified by common geochemical processes. The dominance of high concentration levels in moderate and major conflict areas was justified within the framework of nutrient dynamics in vineyard environment. Nitrate in groundwater was likewise produced via the nitrification of N-fertilizers. Apparently, this process promoted the weathering of plagioclase by the nitric acid reaction, in concurrence with the weathering by the carbonic acid reaction. The impact of nitrification was found more important in moderate and major conflict areas, relative to no conflict areas.
本研究对葡萄牙北部一个农村流域（Sordo 河流域）的地下水质量进行了评估，该流域在森林和牧场土地被农业（尤其是葡萄园）逐渐侵占的过程中出现了环境土地利用冲突。选择的地下水质量参数包括来自自然和人为源的钠、钙、碳酸氢盐、氯和硝酸盐浓度。土地利用和土地能力栅格图的耦合揭示了环境土地利用冲突。土地能力评估将流域的 70.3%分配给农业，20%分配给畜牧业，9.7%分配给包括农业、畜牧业和林业在内的多种土地利用方式。土地利用冲突评估将流域的 93.9%分配给无冲突区。发现小冲突区（4.1%）集中在流域的西部地区。它们对应于农田向流域内适合畜牧业的地区的入侵。中冲突区（1.6%）和大冲突区（0.4%）发现仅限于流域的东部地区，与适合畜牧业或林业的陡峭山坡相对应，但目前被葡萄园占据。离子浓度的空间分布通常可以用常见的地球化学过程来解释。中冲突区和大冲突区高浓度水平的主导地位可以从葡萄园环境中养分动态的框架中得到解释。地下水中的硝酸盐同样是通过 N 肥料的硝化作用产生的。显然，这个过程通过硝酸反应促进了斜长石的风化，与碳酸反应的风化同时发生。与无冲突区相比，硝化作用对中冲突区和大冲突区的影响更为重要。
