The sol-gel transition of nanoparticles (NPs)/polymer mixture in aqueous medium was investigated for the sustained delivery of exenatide to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus. Exenatide-loaded multilayer NPs were prepared using a layer-by-layer approach which utilized the interaction between Pluronics and lipid bilayers as the main driving force for the construction of the multilayer. Pluronic F-127 was the polymer used, and it forms a gel at body temperature. Although the antidiabetic effects of exenatide-loaded multilayer NPs have been demonstrated previously in an animal model, in this work, the attempt was made to demonstrate the extended duration of antidiabetic effects, which was accomplished by localizing the exenatide-loaded NPs in muscular areas in the body through the gelation of Pluronic F-127. Transmittance electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering were used to examine the morphology of the multilayer NPs/polymer mixture. A change in the release pattern of exenatide was observed after gel formation at body temperature, and Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis was performed using native exenatide and a reference biomarker as control to observe whether exenatide extracted from the multilayer NPs and the multilayer NPs/Pluronic F-127 mixture degraded or not. We then observed the antidiabetic effect of exenatide-loaded multilayer NPs/Pluronic F-127 mixture by monitoring blood-glucose levels in db/db mice. In vitro and in vivo correlation was discussed regarding structural variation in the delivery vehicles.