Brawn Timothy P, Margoliash Daniel
Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, 1027 E. 57th Street, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA,
Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2015;25:207-37. doi: 10.1007/7854_2014_349.
How new experiences are solidified into long-lasting memories is a central question in the study of brain and behavior. One of the most intriguing discoveries in memory research is that brain activity during sleep helps to transform newly learned information and skills into robust memories. Though the first experimental work linking sleep and memory was conducted 90 years ago by Jenkins and Dallenbach, the case for sleep-dependent memory consolidation has only garnered strong support in the last decade. Recent studies in humans provide extensive behavioral, imaging, and polysomnographic data supporting sleep consolidation of a broad range of memory tasks. Likewise, studies in a few animal model systems have elucidated potential mechanisms contributing to sleep consolidation such as neural reactivation and synaptic homeostasis. Here, we present an overview of sleep-dependent memory consolidation, focusing on how investigations of sleep and learning in birds have complemented the progress made in mammalian systems by emphasizing a strong connection between behavior and physiology. We begin by describing the behavioral approach that has been utilized to demonstrate sleep consolidation in humans. We then address neural reactivation in the rodent hippocampal system as a putative mechanism of sleep consolidation. Next, we discuss the role of sleep in the learning and maintenance of song in zebra finches. We note that while both the rodent and zebra finch systems provide evidence for sleep-dependent memory changes in physiology and behavior, neither duplicates the pattern of changes most commonly observed in humans. Finally, we present a recently developed model of sleep consolidation involving auditory classification learning in European starlings , which has the potential to connect behavioral evidence of sleep consolidation as developed in humans with underlying neural mechanisms observable in animals.
新体验如何固化为持久记忆是大脑与行为研究中的核心问题。记忆研究中最引人入胜的发现之一是，睡眠期间的大脑活动有助于将新学的信息和技能转化为稳固的记忆。尽管将睡眠与记忆联系起来的首个实验工作是90年前由詹金斯和达伦巴赫进行的，但睡眠依赖型记忆巩固的证据直到过去十年才获得有力支持。最近针对人类的研究提供了广泛的行为、成像和多导睡眠图数据，支持了多种记忆任务的睡眠巩固。同样，在一些动物模型系统中的研究也阐明了有助于睡眠巩固的潜在机制，如神经再激活和突触稳态。在此，我们概述睡眠依赖型记忆巩固，重点关注鸟类睡眠与学习的研究如何通过强调行为与生理之间的紧密联系，补充了哺乳动物系统所取得的进展。我们首先描述用于证明人类睡眠巩固的行为方法。然后我们探讨啮齿动物海马体系统中的神经再激活，将其作为睡眠巩固的一种假定机制。接下来，我们讨论睡眠在斑胸草雀鸣叫学习和维持中的作用。我们注意到，虽然啮齿动物和斑胸草雀系统都为睡眠依赖型记忆在生理和行为上的变化提供了证据，但两者都没有复制人类中最常见的变化模式。最后，我们介绍一种最近开发的睡眠巩固模型，该模型涉及欧洲椋鸟的听觉分类学习，它有可能将人类中所发现的睡眠巩固行为证据与动物中可观察到的潜在神经机制联系起来。
