Effects of alcohol and/or tobacco exposure on spontaneous alveolar bone loss in rat.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of alcohol and/or tobacco exposure on spontaneous alveolar bone loss in Wistar rats. Twenty-four, male, 60 day-old, Wistar rats were assigned to 4 groups: Group 1 received 10 mL/kg of glucose solution (5%). Group 2 received 2 g/kg alcohol (20%). Group 3 was exposed to tobacco smoke (6 cigarettes/60 min). Group 4 received both interventions of groups 2 and 3. Alcohol was given by gastric gavage and cigarette exposure was performed using a forced ventilation chamber. After 30 days, animals were sacrificed and the upper maxillae removed and defleshed. Morphometric analysis of alveolar bone loss (ABL) around the second molar was performed in standardized digital photographs. Statistical analysis was conducted using paired t-test, one-way ANOVA and occurrence of spontaneous periodontal disease (ABL ≥ 0.39 mm) was analyzed by Fisher's exact test. Significant differences in body weight were observed between all groups. Group 2 presented higher body weight as compared to the 3 other groups at 4 weeks (p≤0.05). Mean ABL values were 0.31 mm (±0.08), 0.29 mm (±0.07), 0.33 mm (±0.10), and 0.33 mm (±0.08) for groups 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. No significant differences were found among groups. In the analysis of occurrence of periodontal breakdown, alcohol exposure decreased the occurrence of ABL and cigarette exposure increased ABL. The combination of alcohol and cigarette exposure did not differ from the control group. Alcohol consumption decreased the occurrence of periodontal breakdown, while tobacco increased this rate.