Soler Manuel, Pérez-Contreras Tomás, Ibáñez-Álamo Juan Diego, Roncalli Gianluca, Macías-Sánchez Elena, de Neve Liesbeth
Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain; Grupo Coevolución, Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.
Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.
PLoS One. 2014 Oct 1;9(10):e107412. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107412. eCollection 2014.
Natural selection penalizes individuals that provide costly parental care to non-relatives. However, feedings to brood-parasitic fledglings by individuals other than their foster parents, although anecdotic, have been commonly observed, also in the great spotted cuckoo (Clamator glandarius)--magpie (Pica pica) system, but this behaviour has never been studied in depth. In a first experiment, we here show that great spotted cuckoo fledglings that were translocated to a distant territory managed to survive. This implies that obtaining food from foreign magpies is a frequent and efficient strategy used by great spotted cuckoo fledglings. A second experiment, in which we presented a stuffed-cuckoo fledgling in magpie territories, showed that adult magpies caring for magpie fledglings responded aggressively in most of the trials and never tried to feed the stuffed cuckoo, whereas magpies that were caring for cuckoo fledglings reacted rarely with aggressive behavior and were sometimes disposed to feed the stuffed cuckoo. In a third experiment we observed feedings to post-fledgling cuckoos by marked adult magpies belonging to four different possibilities with respect to breeding status (i.e. composition of the brood: only cuckoos, only magpies, mixed, or failed breeding attempt). All non-parental feeding events to cuckoos were provided by magpies that were caring only for cuckoo fledglings. These results strongly support the conclusion that cuckoo fledglings that abandon their foster parents get fed by other adult magpies that are currently caring for other cuckoo fledglings. These findings are crucial to understand the co-evolutionary arms race between brood parasites and their hosts because they show that the presence of the host's own nestlings for comparison is likely a key clue to favour the evolution of fledgling discrimination and provide new insights on several relevant points such as learning mechanisms and multiparasitism.
自然选择会惩罚那些为非亲属提供高成本亲代抚育的个体。然而，除了养父母之外的其他个体对巢寄生雏鸟进行喂食的情况，尽管只是 anecdotic（此处原文有误，疑为 anecdotal，意为轶事性的、传闻的），但也经常被观察到，在大斑凤头鹃（Clamator glandarius）——喜鹊（Pica pica）系统中也是如此，但这种行为从未被深入研究过。在第一个实验中，我们在此表明，被转移到遥远领地的大斑凤头鹃雏鸟成功存活了下来。这意味着从外来喜鹊那里获取食物是大斑凤头鹃雏鸟常用的一种频繁且有效的策略。第二个实验中，我们在喜鹊领地展示了一只填充的杜鹃雏鸟，结果表明，照顾喜鹊雏鸟的成年喜鹊在大多数试验中反应激烈，从未试图喂养这只填充杜鹃，而照顾杜鹃雏鸟的喜鹊很少有攻击性行为反应，有时还倾向于喂养这只填充杜鹃。在第三个实验中，我们观察了属于四种不同繁殖状态可能性（即巢中雏鸟组成：只有杜鹃、只有喜鹊、混合或繁殖尝试失败）的有标记成年喜鹊对出飞后杜鹃的喂食情况。所有对杜鹃的非亲代喂食事件都是由只照顾杜鹃雏鸟的喜鹊提供的。这些结果有力地支持了这样一个结论，即抛弃养父母的杜鹃雏鸟会被其他正在照顾其他杜鹃雏鸟的成年喜鹊喂食。这些发现对于理解巢寄生者与其宿主之间的共同进化军备竞赛至关重要，因为它们表明宿主自己雏鸟的存在作为比较对象可能是有利于雏鸟辨别进化的关键线索，并在学习机制和多重寄生等几个相关要点上提供了新的见解。
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