Morales-Jimenez Alba Lucia, Disotell Todd, Di Fiore Anthony
Center for the Study of Human Origins, New York University, Department of Anthropology, 25 Waverly Place, New York, NY 10003, United States; Fundación Biodiversa Colombia, Cra. 22 # 41 - 80, Apto. 401, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia.
Center for the Study of Human Origins, New York University, Department of Anthropology, 25 Waverly Place, New York, NY 10003, United States.
Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2015 Jan;82 Pt B:467-83. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.09.019. Epub 2014 Nov 4.
Spider monkeys (Ateles) are one of the most endangered groups of primates in the Neotropics. The genus is widely distributed from Mexico to the north of Bolivia and includes many morphologically distinct forms in terms of pelage color and patterning. The taxonomy, phylogenetic relationships, and biogeographic history of the genus have been subject to much debate, making scientific communication difficult and creating challenges for conservation actions. We extracted DNA from samples of all currently recognized species of spider monkeys collected from across the geographic range of the genus, sequenced ∼3.5 kilobases of coding sequence from the mitochondrial genome, and used this large dataset to (a) infer the phylogenetic relationships among the different forms of spider monkeys, (b) evaluate whether currently recognized species of spider monkeys form reciprocally monophyletic groups that are concordant with contemporary classifications, and (c) estimate divergence dates among the different lineages of Ateles. We found that all proposed species of spider monkeys for which we have samples from multiple localities indeed appear to form monophyletic groups. However, in contrast to previous studies, several of our analyses robustly inferred Ateles marginatus from northeast Brazil as the sister taxon to all other spider monkeys. A Bayesian dating analysis suggests that the most recent common ancestor of extant Ateles dates to ∼6.7 Ma, in the late Miocene, and most species-level splits within the genus took place in the late Pliocene, suggesting that the modern diversity in spider monkeys cannot be explained principally by isolation and divergence of populations in forest refugia during the Pleistocene. Based on our new phylogenetic inference and dating analysis, we propose a revised biogeographic scenario for the evolution of this genus.
蜘蛛猴（蛛猴属）是新热带地区最濒危的灵长类群体之一。该属广泛分布于从墨西哥到玻利维亚北部的地区，在毛发颜色和图案方面包含许多形态上不同的类型。该属的分类学、系统发育关系和生物地理历史一直存在诸多争议，这使得科学交流变得困难，并给保护行动带来了挑战。我们从该属地理分布范围内收集的所有目前已被认可的蜘蛛猴物种样本中提取了DNA，对线粒体基因组的约3.5千碱基编码序列进行了测序，并利用这个大型数据集来（a）推断不同形态蜘蛛猴之间的系统发育关系，（b）评估目前已被认可的蜘蛛猴物种是否形成了与当代分类相一致的相互单系类群，以及（c）估计蛛猴属不同谱系之间的分歧时间。我们发现，对于我们有来自多个地点样本的所有已提出的蜘蛛猴物种，它们确实似乎形成了单系类群。然而，与之前的研究不同，我们的几项分析有力地推断出巴西东北部的白脸蜘蛛猴是所有其他蜘蛛猴的姐妹分类单元。贝叶斯定年分析表明，现存蛛猴属的最近共同祖先可追溯到约670万年前的中新世晚期，该属内的大多数物种水平的分化发生在上新世晚期，这表明蜘蛛猴的现代多样性不能主要用更新世期间森林避难所中种群的隔离和分化来解释。基于我们新的系统发育推断和定年分析，我们提出了该属进化的修订生物地理情景。
