Identification of indole-3-carboxylic acids as non-ATP-competitive Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) inhibitors.

A series of indole-3-carboxylic acids were designed as novel small molecular non-ATP-competitive Plk1 inhibitors. The designed compounds were synthesized and evaluated. Most of the targeted compounds showed potent Plk1 inhibitory activities and anti-proliferative characters. Particularly, 4f and 4g showed Plk1 inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 0.41 and 0.13μM, which were about 5 and 17 times more potent compared to thymoquinone, respectively. Compound 4g also showed inhibitory activity to HeLa and MCF-7 cell lines with IC50 values of 0.72 and 1.15μM, which was almost 3 and 4 times more potent than thymoquinone. Study of mechanism of action suggested that 4g was an ATP-independent and substrate-dependent Plk1 inhibitor. Moreover, 4g showed excellent Plk1 inhibitory selectivity against Plk2 and Plk3. Fluorescein isothiocyanate Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) double-staining assay and western-blot results indicate that induction of apoptosis by 4g is involved in its anti-tumor activity. This study may provide a support for further optimization of non-ATP-competitive Plk1 inhibitors.