Thomas Cheryll C, Richards Thomas B, Plescia Marcus, Wong Faye L, Ballard Rachel, Levin Theodore R, Calonge Bruce N, Brawley Otis W, Iskander John
MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015 Apr 3;64(12):324-7.
Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States, with 52% of deaths caused by cancers of the lung and bronchus, female breast, uterine cervix, colon and rectum, oral cavity and pharynx, prostate, and skin (melanoma). In the 1930s, uterine cancer, including cancer of the uterine cervix, was the leading cause of cancer deaths among women in the United States. With the advent of the Papanicolaou (Pap) test in the 1950s to detect cellular level changes in the cervix, cervical cancer death rates declined significantly. Since this first cancer screening test, others have been developed that detect the presence of cancer through imaging procedures (e.g., mammography, endoscopy, and computed tomography) and laboratory tests (e.g., fecal occult blood tests).
癌症是美国第二大死因，其中52%的死亡由肺癌和支气管癌、女性乳腺癌、子宫颈癌、结肠癌和直肠癌、口腔和咽癌、前列腺癌以及皮肤癌（黑色素瘤）导致。在20世纪30年代，包括子宫颈癌在内的子宫癌是美国女性癌症死亡的主要原因。随着20世纪50年代帕潘尼古拉乌（巴氏）试验的出现，用于检测子宫颈细胞水平的变化，宫颈癌死亡率显著下降。自这项首个癌症筛查试验以来，又开发出了其他通过成像程序（如乳房X光检查、内窥镜检查和计算机断层扫描）和实验室检测（如粪便潜血试验）来检测癌症存在的方法。
