School of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
Compr Physiol. 2015 Apr;5(2):475-512. doi: 10.1002/cphy.c140022.
Autonomic nervous system adjustments to the heart and blood vessels are necessary for mediating the cardiovascular responses required to meet the metabolic demands of working skeletal muscle during exercise. These demands are met by precise exercise intensity-dependent alterations in sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve activity. The purpose of this review is to examine the contributions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems in mediating specific cardiovascular and hemodynamic responses to exercise. These changes in autonomic outflow are regulated by several neural mechanisms working in concert, including central command (a feed forward mechanism originating from higher brain centers), the exercise pressor reflex (a feed-back mechanism originating from skeletal muscle), the arterial baroreflex (a negative feed-back mechanism originating from the carotid sinus and aortic arch), and cardiopulmonary baroreceptors (a feed-back mechanism from stretch receptors located in the heart and lungs). In addition, arterial chemoreceptors and phrenic afferents from respiratory muscles (i.e., respiratory metaboreflex) are also capable of modulating the autonomic responses to exercise. Our goal is to provide a detailed review of the parasympathetic and sympathetic changes that occur with exercise distinguishing between the onset of exercise and steady-state conditions, when appropriate. In addition, studies demonstrating the contributions of each of the aforementioned neural mechanisms to the autonomic changes and ensuing cardiac and/or vascular responses will be covered.
自主神经系统对心脏和血管的调节对于介导运动时骨骼肌代谢需求所需的心血管反应是必要的。这些需求通过精确的运动强度依赖性交感和副交感神经活动的改变来满足。本综述的目的是检查交感和副交感神经系统在介导特定心血管和血液动力学对运动的反应中的作用。自主传出的这些变化受到几个协同作用的神经机制的调节，包括中枢命令（源自大脑高级中枢的前馈机制）、运动加压反射（源自骨骼肌的反馈机制）、动脉压力反射（源自颈动脉窦和主动脉弓的负反馈机制）和心肺压力感受器（位于心脏和肺部的牵张感受器的反馈机制）。此外，动脉化学感受器和呼吸肌的膈神经传入（即呼吸代谢反射）也能够调节运动时的自主反应。我们的目标是详细回顾运动时发生的副交感和交感变化，适当区分运动开始和稳态条件。此外，还将涵盖研究表明上述每个神经机制对自主变化以及随后的心脏和/或血管反应的贡献。
