Gorlick D L
Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027.
J Comp Neurol. 1989 Dec 15;290(3):412-22. doi: 10.1002/cne.902900309.
Horseradish peroxidase was used to identify motor neurons projecting to the adductor mandibulae, levator hyomandibulae, levator operculi, adductor operculi, and dilator operculi muscles in Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens. These muscles participate in the production of respiratory and feeding movements in teleost fishes. The dilator operculi is also the effector muscle for gill-cover erection behavior that is part of Betta's aggressive display. The motor innervation of these muscles in Betta was compared to that previously described for carp. Motor neurons of the adductor mandibulae, levator hyomandibulae, and dilator operculi are located in the trigeminal motor nucleus, and motor neurons of the adductor operculi and levator operculi are located in the facial motor nucleus in Betta and in carp. The trigeminal motor nucleus in both species is divided into rostral and caudal subnuclei. However, there are substantial differences in the organization of the subnuclei, and in the distribution of motor neurons within them. In Betta, the rostral trigeminal subnucleus consists of a single part but the caudal subnucleus is divided into two parts. Motor neurons for the dilator operculi and levator hyomandibulae muscles are located in the lateral part of the caudal subnucleus; the medial part of the caudal subnucleus contains only dilator operculi motor neurons. The single caudal subnucleus in carp is located laterally, and contains motor neurons of both the dilator operculi and levator hyomandibulae muscles. Differences in the organization of the trigeminal motor nucleus may relate to the use of the dilator operculi muscle for aggressive display behavior by perciform fishes such as Betta but not by cypriniform fishes such as carp. Five species of perciform fishes that perform gill-cover erection behavior had a Betta-like pattern of organization of the caudal trigeminal nucleus and a similar distribution of dilator operculi motor neurons. Goldfish, which like carp are cypriniform fish and do not display, had a carp-like trigeminal organization and dilator operculi motor neuron distribution.
在暹罗斗鱼（Betta splendens）中，使用辣根过氧化物酶来识别投射到下颌收肌、舌颌提肌、鳃盖提肌、鳃盖收肌和鳃盖扩张肌的运动神经元。这些肌肉参与硬骨鱼类呼吸和摄食运动的产生。鳃盖扩张肌也是斗鱼攻击展示行为中鳃盖竖起行为的效应器肌肉。将斗鱼中这些肌肉的运动神经支配与先前描述的鲤鱼的进行了比较。下颌收肌、舌颌提肌和鳃盖扩张肌的运动神经元位于三叉神经运动核中，鳃盖收肌和鳃盖提肌的运动神经元在斗鱼和鲤鱼中都位于面神经运动核中。两个物种的三叉神经运动核都分为吻侧和尾侧亚核。然而，亚核的组织以及其中运动神经元的分布存在显著差异。在斗鱼中，吻侧三叉神经亚核由单一部分组成，但尾侧亚核分为两部分。鳃盖扩张肌和舌颌提肌的运动神经元位于尾侧亚核的外侧部分；尾侧亚核的内侧部分仅包含鳃盖扩张肌运动神经元。鲤鱼的单个尾侧亚核位于外侧，包含鳃盖扩张肌和舌颌提肌的运动神经元。三叉神经运动核组织的差异可能与鲈形目鱼类（如斗鱼）利用鳃盖扩张肌进行攻击展示行为有关，而鲤形目鱼类（如鲤鱼）则不这样。五种进行鳃盖竖起行为的鲈形目鱼类具有类似斗鱼的尾侧三叉神经核组织模式和类似的鳃盖扩张肌运动神经元分布。像鲤鱼一样属于鲤形目且不进行展示行为的金鱼，具有类似鲤鱼的三叉神经组织和鳃盖扩张肌运动神经元分布。
