Ito Ayumi, Mensah Lawson, Cartmell Elise, Lester John N
a Cranfield Water Science Institute, School of Energy, Environmental Technology and Agrifood , Cranfield University , Bedfordshire MK43 0AL , UK.
b Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , Iwate University , Morioka Iwate 020-8550 , Japan.
Environ Technol. 2016;37(3):415-21. doi: 10.1080/09593330.2015.1070922. Epub 2015 Sep 7.
Anaerobic treatment of municipal wastewater offers the prospect of a new paradigm by reducing aeration costs and minimizing sludge production. It has been successfully applied in warm climates, but does not always achieve the desired outcomes in temperate climates at the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) values of municipal crude wastewater. Recently the concept of 'fortification' has been proposed to increase organic strength and has been demonstrated at the laboratory and pilot scale treating municipal wastewater at temperatures of 10-17°C. The process treats a proportion of the flow anaerobically by combining it with primary sludge from the residual flow and then polishing it to a high effluent standard aerobically. Energy consumption is reduced as is sludge production. However, no new treatment process is viable if it only addresses the problems of traditional pollutants (suspended solids - SS, BOD, nitrogen - N and phosphorus - P); it must also treat hazardous substances. This study compared three potential municipal anaerobic treatment regimes, crude wastewater in an expanded granular sludge blanket (EGSB) reactor, fortified crude wastewater in an EGSB and crude wastewater in an anaerobic membrane bioreactor. The benefits of fortification were demonstrated for the removal of SS, BOD, N and P. These three systems were further challenged with the removal of steroid estrogens at environmental concentrations from natural indigenous sources. All three systems removed these compounds to a significant degree, confirming that estrogen removal is not restricted to highly aerobic autotrophs, or aerobic heterotrophs, but is also a faculty of anaerobic bacteria.
城市污水的厌氧处理通过降低曝气成本和减少污泥产量，为一种新的模式带来了前景。它已在温暖气候地区成功应用，但在温带气候下，对于城市原污水的生化需氧量（BOD）值，并不总能达到预期效果。最近，“强化”概念被提出以提高有机强度，并已在实验室和中试规模上得到验证，即在10 - 17°C的温度下处理城市污水。该工艺通过将一部分污水与剩余水流中的初沉污泥厌氧混合，然后进行好氧处理使其达到高出水标准。能耗和污泥产量都有所降低。然而，如果一个新的处理工艺仅解决传统污染物（悬浮固体 - SS、BOD、氮 - N和磷 - P）的问题，那它是不可行的；它还必须处理有害物质。本研究比较了三种潜在的城市厌氧处理方式，即膨胀颗粒污泥床（EGSB）反应器中的原污水、EGSB中的强化原污水以及厌氧膜生物反应器中的原污水。强化处理在去除SS、BOD、N和P方面的优势得到了证明。这三种系统进一步面临从天然本地来源去除环境浓度甾体雌激素的挑战。所有三种系统都能显著去除这些化合物，证实雌激素的去除并不局限于高度好氧的自养菌或好氧异养菌，也是厌氧菌的一种能力。
