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雄激素受体(AR)及其组成型活性剪接变体AR-V7对前列腺癌细胞代谢途径的差异调节。

Differential regulation of metabolic pathways by androgen receptor (AR) and its constitutively active splice variant, AR-V7, in prostate cancer cells.

作者信息

Shafi Ayesha A, Putluri Vasanta, Arnold James M, Tsouko Efrosini, Maity Suman, Roberts Justin M, Coarfa Cristian, Frigo Daniel E, Putluri Nagireddy, Sreekumar Arun, Weigel Nancy L

机构信息

Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.

Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.

出版信息

Oncotarget. 2015 Oct 13;6(31):31997-2012. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.5585.

Abstract

Metastatic prostate cancer (PCa) is primarily an androgen-dependent disease, which is treated with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Tumors usually develop resistance (castration-resistant PCa [CRPC]), but remain androgen receptor (AR) dependent. Numerous mechanisms for AR-dependent resistance have been identified including expression of constitutively active AR splice variants lacking the hormone-binding domain. Recent clinical studies show that expression of the best-characterized AR variant, AR-V7, correlates with resistance to ADT and poor outcome. Whether AR-V7 is simply a constitutively active substitute for AR or has novel gene targets that cause unique downstream changes is unresolved. Several studies have shown that AR activation alters cell metabolism. Using LNCaP cells with inducible expression of AR-V7 as a model system, we found that AR-V7 stimulated growth, migration, and glycolysis measured by ECAR (extracellular acidification rate) similar to AR. However, further analyses using metabolomics and metabolic flux assays revealed several differences. Whereas AR increased citrate levels, AR-V7 reduced citrate mirroring metabolic shifts observed in CRPC patients. Flux analyses indicate that the low citrate is a result of enhanced utilization rather than a failure to synthesize citrate. Moreover, flux assays suggested that compared to AR, AR-V7 exhibits increased dependence on glutaminolysis and reductive carboxylation to produce some of the TCA (tricarboxylic acid cycle) metabolites. These findings suggest that these unique actions represent potential therapeutic targets.

摘要

转移性前列腺癌(PCa)主要是一种雄激素依赖性疾病,采用雄激素剥夺疗法(ADT)进行治疗。肿瘤通常会产生耐药性(去势抵抗性前列腺癌[CRPC]),但仍依赖雄激素受体(AR)。已确定多种AR依赖性耐药机制,包括缺乏激素结合域的组成型活性AR剪接变体的表达。最近的临床研究表明,特征最明确的AR变体AR-V7的表达与对ADT的耐药性及不良预后相关。AR-V7究竟只是AR的组成型活性替代物,还是具有导致独特下游变化的新基因靶点,目前尚无定论。多项研究表明,AR激活会改变细胞代谢。我们以可诱导表达AR-V7的LNCaP细胞作为模型系统,发现AR-V7刺激细胞生长、迁移以及通过细胞外酸化率(ECAR)测量的糖酵解,这与AR相似。然而,使用代谢组学和代谢通量分析进行的进一步研究揭示了一些差异。AR会增加柠檬酸盐水平,而AR-V7则降低柠檬酸盐水平,这反映了在CRPC患者中观察到的代谢变化。通量分析表明,柠檬酸盐水平低是利用增强的结果,而非合成柠檬酸盐失败。此外,通量分析表明,与AR相比,AR-V7对谷氨酰胺分解和还原羧化以产生一些三羧酸(TCA)循环代谢物的依赖性增加。这些发现表明,这些独特作用代表了潜在的治疗靶点。

https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/36f3/4741655/d83b2fc865b6/oncotarget-06-31997-g001.jpg

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