Hötte Michiel H H, Kolodin Igor A, Bereznuk Sergei L, Slaght Jonathan C, Kerley Linda L, Soutyrina Svetlana V, Salkina Galina P, Zaumyslova Olga Y, Stokes Emma J, Miquelle Dale G
Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, USA.
Phoenix Fund, Vladivostok, Russian Federation.
Integr Zool. 2016 Jan;11(1):2-15. doi: 10.1111/1749-4877.12168.
Although considerable conservation resources have been committed to develop and use law enforcement monitoring and management tools such as SMART, measures of success are ill-defined and, to date, few reports detail results post-implementation. Here, we present 4 case studies from protected areas with Amur tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) in Russia, in which indicators of success were defined and evaluated at each. The ultimate goal was an increase in tiger numbers to 1 individual/100 km(2) at each site. We predicted that improvements in law enforcement effectiveness would be followed by increases in prey numbers and, subsequently, tiger numbers. We used short-term and long-term indicators of success, including: (i) patrol team effort and effectiveness; (ii) catch per unit effort indicators (to measure reductions in threats); and (iii) changes in target species numbers. In addition to implementing a monitoring system, we focused on improving law enforcement management using an adaptive management process. Over 4 years, we noted clear increases in patrol effort and a partial reduction in threats. Although we did not detect clear trends in ungulate numbers, tiger populations remained stable or increased, suggesting that poaching of tigers may be more limiting than prey depletion. Increased effectiveness is needed before a clear reduction in threats can be noted, and more time is needed before detecting responses in target populations. Nonetheless, delineation of concrete goals and indicators of success provide a means of evaluating progress and weaknesses. Such monitoring should be a central component of law enforcement strategies for protected areas.
尽管已经投入了大量的保护资源来开发和使用诸如SMART等执法监测和管理工具，但成功的衡量标准却不明确，而且迄今为止，很少有报告详细说明实施后的结果。在此，我们展示了来自俄罗斯有东北虎（Panthera tigris altaica）的保护区的4个案例研究，其中每个案例都定义并评估了成功指标。最终目标是在每个地点将老虎数量增加到每100平方公里1只。我们预测，执法效率的提高将伴随着猎物数量的增加，进而老虎数量也会增加。我们使用了成功的短期和长期指标，包括：（i）巡逻队的努力程度和效率；（ii）单位努力捕获量指标（用于衡量威胁的减少）；以及（iii）目标物种数量的变化。除了实施监测系统外，我们还专注于通过适应性管理过程来改善执法管理。在4年多的时间里，我们注意到巡逻力度明显增加，威胁有所部分减少。尽管我们没有发现有蹄类动物数量的明显趋势，但老虎种群数量保持稳定或有所增加，这表明偷猎老虎可能比猎物枯竭更具限制作用。在能够明显注意到威胁减少之前，需要提高效率，在检测到目标种群的反应之前，还需要更多时间。尽管如此，明确界定具体目标和成功指标提供了一种评估进展和弱点的方法。这种监测应该是保护区执法战略的核心组成部分。
