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宿主适应和意外的共生伙伴使造礁珊瑚能够耐受极端温度。

Host adaptation and unexpected symbiont partners enable reef-building corals to tolerate extreme temperatures.

机构信息

Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.

Department of Natural Science and Public Health, Zayed University, P.O. Box 144534, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.

出版信息

Glob Chang Biol. 2016 Aug;22(8):2702-14. doi: 10.1111/gcb.13250. Epub 2016 May 9.

Abstract

Understanding the potential for coral adaptation to warming seas is complicated by interactions between symbiotic partners that define stress responses and the difficulties of tracking selection in natural populations. To overcome these challenges, we characterized the contribution of both animal host and symbiotic algae to thermal tolerance in corals that have already experienced considerable warming on par with end-of-century projections for most coral reefs. Thermal responses in Platygyra daedalea corals from the hot Persian Gulf where summer temperatures reach 36°C were compared with conspecifics from the milder Sea of Oman. Persian Gulf corals had higher rates of survival at elevated temperatures (33 and 36°C) in both the nonsymbiotic larval stage (32-49% higher) and the symbiotic adult life stage (51% higher). Additionally, Persian Gulf hosts had fixed greater potential to mitigate oxidative stress (31-49% higher) and their Symbiodinium partners had better retention of photosynthetic performance under elevated temperature (up to 161% higher). Superior thermal tolerance of Persian Gulf vs. Sea of Oman corals was maintained after 6-month acclimatization to a common ambient environment and was underpinned by genetic divergence in both the coral host and symbiotic algae. In P. daedalea host samples, genomewide SNP variation clustered into two discrete groups corresponding with Persian Gulf and Sea of Oman sites. Symbiodinium within host tissues predominantly belonged to ITS2 rDNA type C3 in the Persian Gulf and type D1a in the Sea of Oman contradicting patterns of Symbiodinium thermal tolerance from other regions. Our findings provide evidence that genetic adaptation of both host and Symbiodinium has enabled corals to cope with extreme temperatures in the Persian Gulf. Thus, the persistence of coral populations under continued warming will likely be determined by evolutionary rates in both, rather than single, symbiotic partners.

摘要

理解珊瑚适应变暖海洋的潜力是复杂的,因为共生伙伴之间的相互作用定义了压力反应,并且在自然种群中追踪选择是困难的。为了克服这些挑战,我们描述了动物宿主和共生藻类对已经经历了与大多数珊瑚礁本世纪末预测相当的变暖的珊瑚的耐热性的贡献。来自夏季温度达到 36°C 的炎热波斯湾的扁脑珊瑚(Platygyra daedalea)的热响应与来自较温和的阿曼海的同种珊瑚进行了比较。在非共生幼虫阶段(高 32-49%)和共生成年生命阶段(高 51%),波斯湾珊瑚在高温下(33 和 36°C)的存活率更高。此外,波斯湾宿主具有更大的缓解氧化应激的潜力(高 31-49%),其共生藻在高温下保持更好的光合作用性能(高达高 161%)。在适应共同环境 6 个月后,波斯湾与阿曼海珊瑚的耐热性保持不变,这是珊瑚宿主和共生藻类遗传分化的结果。在 P. daedalea 宿主样本中,全基因组 SNP 变异聚类为两个离散的组,对应于波斯湾和阿曼海的地点。宿主组织内的共生藻主要属于波斯湾的 ITS2 rDNA 型 C3 和阿曼海的 D1a,与其他地区的共生藻耐热模式相矛盾。我们的研究结果提供了证据,表明宿主和共生藻的遗传适应使珊瑚能够应对波斯湾的极端温度。因此,在持续变暖下珊瑚种群的持续存在可能取决于两者的进化速度,而不是单一的共生伙伴。

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