Beck L
Dtsch Zahnarztl Z. 1977 Sep;32(9):660-3.
Hormonal changes during pregnancy produce changes in the whole organism. Every fifth to seventh pregnant woman shows hyperplastic gum changes with tendency to bleeding. Changes due to pregnancy in the oral cavity are: lowered salivary flow rate, changes of the pH towards acidity and an increase in oestrogen contents of saliva, corresponding to the increase in plasma oestrogen. Dental procedures during the first months of pregnancy could be the cause of miscarriage in rare cases; after the 28th to the 30th week of pregnancy external influences can originate premature labour pains. Endocrinological changes during the menstrual cycle give risk to recognisable cycle-dependent changes in the oral mucosa; changes in the blood clotting mechanism are minimal, so that dental interventions can be practiced independent of the menstrual cycle and the occurrence of the menstrual period. The use of oral contraceptives (pills) leads to hypercoagulability of the blood clotting system. For bigger operative interventions it is advisable to normalise the clotting factors by stopping the pill for six weeks prior to planned intervention.
孕期激素变化会引起全身机体的改变。每五到七位孕妇中就有一位会出现牙龈增生性改变并伴有出血倾向。孕期口腔的变化包括：唾液流速降低、pH值向酸性变化以及唾液中雌激素含量增加，这与血浆雌激素的增加相对应。怀孕头几个月进行牙科手术在极少数情况下可能导致流产；怀孕第28至30周后，外部影响可能引发早产阵痛。月经周期中的内分泌变化会使口腔黏膜出现可识别的周期依赖性变化；血液凝固机制的变化极小，因此牙科干预可以在不考虑月经周期和月经发生情况的前提下进行。口服避孕药（药丸）会导致血液凝固系统的高凝状态。对于较大的手术干预，建议在计划干预前六周停药，以使凝血因子恢复正常。
