Retroviral Immunology, the Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London NW7 1AA, UK.
Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.
Nat Rev Immunol. 2016 Apr;16(4):207-19. doi: 10.1038/nri.2016.27.
The ultimate form of parasitism and evasion of host immunity is for the parasite genome to enter the germ line of the host species. Retroviruses have invaded the host germ line on the grandest scale, and this is evident in the extraordinary abundance of endogenous retroelements in the genome of all vertebrate species that have been studied. Many of these endogenous retroelements have retained viral characteristics; some also the capacity to replicate and, consequently, the potential to trigger host innate and adaptive immune responses. However, although retroelements are mainly recognized for their pathogenic potential, recent evidence suggests that this 'enemy within' may also have beneficial roles in tuning host immune reactivity. In this Review, we discuss how the immune system recognizes and is shaped by endogenous retroelements.
寄生虫对宿主免疫逃避和寄生的终极形式是将寄生虫基因组纳入宿主物种的生殖系。逆转录病毒以最大的规模入侵宿主生殖系，所有已研究的脊椎动物物种基因组中丰富的内源性逆转录元件清楚地表明了这一点。这些内源性逆转录元件中的许多保留了病毒特征；有些还具有复制能力，因此有可能引发宿主固有和适应性免疫反应。然而，尽管逆转录元件主要因其致病潜力而被认识，但最近的证据表明，这种“体内之敌”在调节宿主免疫反应方面也可能具有有益作用。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了免疫系统如何识别和受内源性逆转录元件影响。
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