Moreno Daniel H, Cacione Daniel G, Baptista-Silva Jose C C
Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 May 13(5):CD011664. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011664.pub2.
BACKGROUND: An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is the pathological enlargement of the aorta and can develop in both men and women. Progressive aneurysm enlargement can lead to rupture. The rupture of an AAA is frequently fatal and accounts for the death from haemorrhagic shock of at least 45 people per 100,000 population. The outcome of people with ruptured AAA varies among countries and healthcare systems, with mortality ranging from 53% to 90%. Definitive treatment for ruptured AAA includes open surgery or endovascular repair. The management of haemorrhagic shock is crucial for the person's outcome and aims to restore organ perfusion and systolic blood pressure above 100 mm Hg through immediate and aggressive fluid replacement. This rapid fluid replacement is known as the normotensive resuscitation strategy. However, evidence suggests that infusing large volumes of cold fluid causes dilutional and hypothermic coagulopathy. The association of these factors may exacerbate bleeding, resulting in a 'lethal triad' of hypothermia, acidaemia, and coagulopathy. An alternative to the normotensive resuscitation strategy is the controlled (permissive) hypotension resuscitation strategy, with a target systolic blood pressure of 50 to 100 mm Hg. The principle of controlled or hypotensive resuscitation has been used in some management protocols for endovascular repair of ruptured AAA. It may be beneficial in preventing blood loss by avoiding the clot disruption caused by the rapid increase in systolic blood pressure; avoiding dilution of clotting factors, platelets and fibrinogen; and by avoiding the temperature decrease that inhibits enzyme activity involved in platelet and clotting factor function. OBJECTIVES: To compare the effects of controlled (permissive) hypotension resuscitation and normotensive resuscitation strategies for people with ruptured AAA. SEARCH METHODS: The Cochrane Vascular Information Specialist searched the Specialised Register (April 2016) and the Cochrane Register of Studies (CENTRAL (2016, Issue 3)). Clinical trials databases were searched (April 2016) for details of ongoing or unpublished studies. SELECTION CRITERIA: We sought all published and unpublished randomised controlled trial (RCTs) that compared controlled hypotension and normotensive resuscitation strategies for the management of shock in patients with ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently assessed identified studies for potential inclusion in the review. We used standard methodological procedures in accordance with the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Review of Interventions. MAIN RESULTS: We identified no RCTs that met the inclusion criteria. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: We found no RCTs that compared controlled hypotension and normotensive resuscitation strategies in the management of haemorrhagic shock in patients with ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm that assessed mortality, presence of coagulopathy, intensive care unit length of stay, and the presence of myocardial infarct and renal failure. High quality studies that evaluate the best strategy for managing haemorrhagic shock in ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms are required.
背景:腹主动脉瘤(AAA)是主动脉的病理性扩张,男性和女性均可发病。动脉瘤进行性扩大可导致破裂。AAA破裂常是致命的,每10万人中至少有45人死于失血性休克。AAA破裂患者的预后在不同国家和医疗体系中有所不同,死亡率在53%至90%之间。AAA破裂的确定性治疗包括开放手术或血管腔内修复。失血性休克的处理对患者的预后至关重要,其目的是通过立即积极补液使器官灌注恢复,收缩压维持在100 mmHg以上。这种快速补液被称为正常血压复苏策略。然而,有证据表明输注大量冷液体可导致稀释性和低温性凝血障碍。这些因素相互关联可能会加重出血,导致低体温、酸血症和凝血障碍的“致命三联征”。正常血压复苏策略的替代方法是控制性(允许性)低血压复苏策略,目标收缩压为50至100 mmHg。控制性或低血压复苏的原则已被用于一些AAA破裂血管腔内修复的管理方案中。它可能有助于预防失血,避免因收缩压快速升高导致血栓破裂;避免凝血因子、血小板和纤维蛋白原稀释;避免因温度降低抑制参与血小板和凝血因子功能的酶活性。 目的:比较控制性(允许性)低血压复苏和正常血压复苏策略对AAA破裂患者的影响。 检索方法:Cochrane血管信息专家检索了专业注册库(2016年4月)和Cochrane研究注册库(CENTRAL(2016年第3期))。检索了临床试验数据库(2016年4月)以获取正在进行或未发表研究的详细信息。 选择标准:我们查找了所有已发表和未发表的随机对照试验(RCT),这些试验比较了控制性低血压和正常血压复苏策略在AAA破裂患者休克处理中的效果。 数据收集与分析:两位综述作者独立评估已识别的研究,以确定其是否可能纳入本综述。我们按照Cochrane干预措施系统评价手册使用标准方法程序。 主要结果:我们未识别出符合纳入标准的RCT。 作者结论:我们未发现有RCT比较控制性低血压和正常血压复苏策略在AAA破裂患者失血性休克处理中的效果,这些研究评估了死亡率、凝血障碍的存在、重症监护病房住院时间以及心肌梗死和肾衰竭的存在情况。需要高质量的研究来评估AAA破裂患者失血性休克的最佳处理策略。
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