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点击化学辅助的、双胆固醇取代的、异山梨醇基的、双响应型有机凝胶剂及其自组装体。

Click chemistry-assisted, bis-cholesteryl-appended, isosorbide-based, dual-responsive organogelators and their self-assemblies.

机构信息

Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, Republic of China.

出版信息

Soft Matter. 2016 Jun 21;12(23):5214-23. doi: 10.1039/c6sm00447d. Epub 2016 May 17.

Abstract

A new series of symmetric, bis-cholesteryl-appended, isosorbide derivatives (BCIE, BCIC2 and BCIC4) were designed as gelators to respond to changes in their environment and were synthesized successfully. Among these derivatives, BCIE can gel a wide variety of organic solvents (23 solvents), suggesting that BCIE acts as a more versatile gelator than BCIC2 and BCIC4. The CGC of the gels varies from 1.53 mM in 1-hexanol to 23 mM in pyridine. The results of the gelation ability in different solvents revealed that changing the linking group (ester/carbamate) attached to the cholesteryl units can produce a dramatic change in the gelation behavior of the compounds. The morphology of the as-formed organogels can be regulated by changing the types of organic solvents. The results from electron microscopy studies revealed that the gelator molecule self-assembled into different aggregates, from wrinkled fibers to dense fibers, with the change of solvents. The gels of BCIE in 1-hexanol and 1-octanol exhibited strong CD (circular dichroism) signals, indicating that the gelation induced supramolecular chirality in these gel systems. Secondary forces of van der Waals and π-π stacking (from both 1,2,3-triazole and aromatic units) played important roles in the aggregation of compounds in the solvents according to FTIR and variable temperature (1)H-NMR analysis, and a mechanism for the gel formation was proposed. The gel-to-sol phase transition can be triggered by the addition of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), and the gel state was obtained slowly (after 1 day) when neutralizing with triethyl amine (TEA), which indicated that the sol ⇄ gel phase transitions are tunable by pH, which is further supported by (1)H-NMR and SEM analysis. In addition, the gel stability of BCIE was investigated using Cu(2+), Cd(2+), Ag(2+), Fe(3+), Hg(2+), Mg(2+), Pd(2+), Al(3+) and Zn(2+), and the results showed that the gel-to-sol phase transition process could be selectively controlled by interaction with Pd(2+) and Zn(2+) because complexation with 1,2,3-triazoles destroyed the interactions between the triazoles, collapsing the gel, which was further evidenced by (1)H-NMR and SEM analysis. However, the gel stability of BCIE was enhanced by the addition of Pd(2+) and Zn(2+) in the presence of pyridine, whereas the gel collapsed in other solvents, which may be due to the chelating effect of the pyridine moiety. Another interesting feature of this gel is that when using the gelator as a stabilizer, stable water in oil (W/O) gel-emulsions were created, in which styrene can be used as the continuous phase and water as the dispersed phase with the stabilizer in the continuous phase of only 2% (w/v). Gel-emulsions were observed with any ratio of water to styrene.

摘要

一种新的系列对称、双胆固醇取代、异山梨醇衍生物(BCIE、BCIC2 和 BCIC4)被设计为凝胶剂,以响应环境的变化,并成功合成。在这些衍生物中,BCIE 可以凝胶多种有机溶剂(23 种溶剂),这表明 BCIE 比 BCIC2 和 BCIC4 更具多功能性。凝胶的 CGC 从 1-己醇中的 1.53mM 变化到吡啶中的 23mM。在不同溶剂中的凝胶能力的结果表明,改变连接基团(酯/氨基甲酸酯)连接到胆固醇单元上,可以使化合物的凝胶行为发生显著变化。通过改变有机溶剂的类型,可以调节形成的有机凝胶的形态。电子显微镜研究的结果表明,凝胶剂分子自组装成不同的聚集体,从皱缩纤维到致密纤维,随着溶剂的变化而变化。BCIE 在 1-己醇和 1-辛醇中的凝胶表现出强烈的 CD(圆二色性)信号,表明在这些凝胶体系中,凝胶诱导了超分子手性。根据傅里叶变换红外光谱和变温(1)H-NMR 分析,范德华力和 π-π 堆积(来自 1,2,3-三唑和芳基单元)的次级力在溶剂中化合物的聚集中起着重要作用,并提出了一种凝胶形成的机制。凝胶-溶胶相转变可以通过添加三氟乙酸(TFA)触发,并且用三乙胺(TEA)中和时凝胶状态缓慢获得(1 天后),这表明溶胶 ⇄ 凝胶相转变可以通过 pH 值调节,这进一步得到(1)H-NMR 和 SEM 分析的支持。此外,还研究了 BCIE 的凝胶稳定性,包括 Cu(2+)、Cd(2+)、Ag(2+)、Fe(3+)、Hg(2+)、Mg(2+)、Pd(2+)、Al(3+)和 Zn(2+),结果表明,通过与 1,2,3-三唑的络合,凝胶-溶胶相转变过程可以通过与 Pd(2+)和 Zn(2+)的相互作用选择性控制,破坏三唑之间的相互作用,使凝胶塌陷,这进一步通过(1)H-NMR 和 SEM 分析得到证实。然而,在吡啶存在下,加入 Pd(2+)和 Zn(2+)可以增强 BCIE 的凝胶稳定性,而在其他溶剂中凝胶则塌陷,这可能是由于吡啶部分的螯合效应。这种凝胶的另一个有趣特征是,当使用凝胶剂作为稳定剂时,可以形成稳定的油包水(W/O)凝胶乳液,其中苯乙烯可以用作连续相,水可以用作分散相,而稳定剂在连续相中的含量仅为 2%(w/v)。可以观察到任何水与苯乙烯的比例的凝胶乳液。

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