Ogle Molly E, Segar Claire E, Sridhar Sraeyes, Botchwey Edward A
Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2016 May;241(10):1084-97. doi: 10.1177/1535370216650293.
Monocytes and macrophages play a critical role in tissue development, homeostasis, and injury repair. These innate immune cells participate in guiding vascular remodeling, stimulation of local stem and progenitor cells, and structural repair of tissues such as muscle and bone. Therefore, there is a great interest in harnessing this powerful endogenous cell source for therapeutic regeneration through immunoregenerative biomaterial engineering. These materials seek to harness specific subpopulations of monocytes/macrophages to promote repair by influencing their recruitment, positioning, differentiation, and function within a damaged tissue. Monocyte and macrophage phenotypes span a continuum of inflammatory (M1) to anti-inflammatory or pro-regenerative cells (M2), and their heterogeneous functions are highly dependent on microenvironmental cues within the injury niche. Increasing evidence suggests that division of labor among subpopulations of monocytes and macrophages could allow for harnessing regenerative functions over inflammatory functions of myeloid cells; however, the complex balance between necessary functions of inflammatory versus regenerative myeloid cells remains to be fully elucidated. Historically, biomaterial-based therapies for promoting tissue regeneration were designed to minimize the host inflammatory response; although, recent appreciation for the roles that innate immune cells play in tissue repair and material integration has shifted this paradigm. A number of opportunities exist to exploit known signaling systems of specific populations of monocytes/macrophages to promote repair and to better understand the biological and pathological roles of myeloid cells. This review seeks to outline the characteristics of distinct populations of monocytes and macrophages, identify the role of these cells within diverse tissue injury niches, and offer design criteria for immunoregenerative biomaterials given the intrinsic inflammatory response to their implantation.
单核细胞和巨噬细胞在组织发育、内环境稳态及损伤修复中发挥着关键作用。这些固有免疫细胞参与引导血管重塑、刺激局部干细胞和祖细胞，并促进肌肉和骨骼等组织的结构修复。因此，通过免疫再生生物材料工程利用这种强大的内源性细胞来源进行治疗性再生引起了人们极大的兴趣。这些材料试图利用单核细胞/巨噬细胞的特定亚群，通过影响它们在受损组织内的募集、定位、分化和功能来促进修复。单核细胞和巨噬细胞的表型涵盖了从炎症性（M1）到抗炎或促再生细胞（M2）的连续谱，它们的异质性功能高度依赖于损伤微环境中的线索。越来越多的证据表明，单核细胞和巨噬细胞亚群之间的分工可以实现利用髓系细胞的再生功能而非炎症功能；然而，炎症性与再生性髓系细胞必要功能之间的复杂平衡仍有待充分阐明。从历史上看，基于生物材料的促进组织再生的疗法旨在尽量减少宿主的炎症反应；尽管最近对固有免疫细胞在组织修复和材料整合中所起作用的认识已经改变了这一模式。存在许多利用单核细胞/巨噬细胞特定群体的已知信号系统来促进修复并更好地理解髓系细胞生物学和病理学作用的机会。本综述旨在概述不同单核细胞和巨噬细胞群体的特征，确定这些细胞在不同组织损伤微环境中的作用，并鉴于对其植入的固有炎症反应，为免疫再生生物材料提供设计标准。
