Environmental Engineering Program, Department of Civil Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
Environmental Engineering Program, Department of Civil Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
Sci Total Environ. 2016 Dec 15;573:189-202. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.059. Epub 2016 Aug 23.
The Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill event released a large amount of sweet crude oil into the Gulf of Mexico (GOM). An unknown portion of this oil that arrived along the Alabama shoreline interacted with nearshore sediments and sank forming submerged oil mats (SOMs). A considerable amount of hydrocarbons, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), were trapped within these buried SOMs. Recent studies completed using the oil spill residues collected along the Alabama shoreline have shown that several PAHs, especially higher molecular weight PAHs (four or more aromatic rings), are slowly weathering compared to the weathering levels experienced by the oil when it was floating over the GOM. In this study we have hypothesized that the weathering rates of PAHs in SOMs have slowed down because the buried oil was isolated from direct exposure to sunlight, thus hindering the photodegradation pathway. We further hypothesized that re-exposing SOMs to sunlight can reactivate various weathering reactions. Also, SOMs contain 75-95% sand (by weight) and the entrapped sand could either block direct sunlight or form large oil agglomerates with very little exposed surface area; these processes could possibly interfere with weathering reactions. To test these hypotheses, we completed controlled experiments to study the weathering patterns of PAHs in a field recovered SOM sample after re-exposing it to sunlight. Our experimental results show that the weathering levels of several higher molecular weight PAHs have slowed down primarily due to the absence of sunlight-induced photodegradation reactions. The data also show that sand particles in SOM material could potentially interfere with photodegradation reactions.
深水地平线(DWH)溢油事件向墨西哥湾(GOM)释放了大量的甜原油。抵达阿拉巴马州海岸线的一部分未知的石油与近岸沉积物相互作用并下沉,形成了水下油膜(SOM)。大量的碳氢化合物,包括多环芳烃(PAHs),被困在这些埋藏的 SOM 中。最近使用沿阿拉巴马州海岸线收集的溢油残留物完成的研究表明,与漂浮在 GOM 上时的风化水平相比,一些 PAHs,特别是更高分子量的 PAHs(四个或更多芳香环),风化速度较慢。在这项研究中,我们假设 SOM 中 PAHs 的风化速度减慢是因为埋藏的石油与阳光直接暴露隔绝,从而阻碍了光降解途径。我们进一步假设将 SOM 重新暴露在阳光下可以重新激活各种风化反应。此外,SOM 含有 75-95%的沙子(按重量计),捕获的沙子可能会阻挡直接阳光,或者与很少暴露的表面积形成大的油团聚体;这些过程可能会干扰风化反应。为了验证这些假设,我们完成了对照实验,以研究重新暴露在阳光下的现场回收 SOM 样本中 PAHs 的风化模式。我们的实验结果表明,由于缺乏阳光诱导的光降解反应,几种更高分子量 PAHs 的风化水平已经减慢。数据还表明,SOM 材料中的沙粒颗粒可能会干扰光降解反应。