Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA; National Research Council, Washington, DC 20001, USA.
Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
Environ Pollut. 2016 Nov;218:1180-1190. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.08.073. Epub 2016 Sep 1.
The Cleveland airshed comprises a complex mixture of industrial source emissions that contribute to periods of non-attainment for fine particulate matter (PM) and are associated with increased adverse health outcomes in the exposed population. Specific PM sources responsible for health effects however are not fully understood. Size-fractionated PM (coarse, fine, and ultrafine) samples were collected using a ChemVol sampler at an urban site (G.T. Craig (GTC)) and rural site (Chippewa Lake (CLM)) from July 2009 to June 2010, and then chemically analyzed. The resulting speciated PM data were apportioned by EPA positive matrix factorization to identify emission sources for each size fraction and location. For comparisons with the ChemVol results, PM samples were also collected with sequential dichotomous and passive samplers, and evaluated for source contributions to each sampling site. The ChemVol results showed that annual average concentrations of PM, elemental carbon, and inorganic elements in the coarse fraction at GTC were ∼2, ∼7, and ∼3 times higher than those at CLM, respectively, while the smaller size fractions at both sites showed similar annual average concentrations. Seasonal variations of secondary aerosols (e.g., high NO level in winter and high SO level in summer) were observed at both sites. Source apportionment results demonstrated that the PM samples at GTC and CLM were enriched with local industrial sources (e.g., steel plant and coal-fired power plant) but their contributions were influenced by meteorological conditions and the emission source's operation conditions. Taken together the year-long PM collection and data analysis provides valuable insights into the characteristics and sources of PM impacting the Cleveland airshed in both the urban center and the rural upwind background locations. These data will be used to classify the PM samples for toxicology studies to determine which PM sources, species, and size fractions are of greatest health concern.
克利夫兰大气域由工业源排放的复杂混合物组成，这些混合物导致细颗粒物（PM）未达标，并与暴露人群中不良健康结果的增加有关。然而，对于造成健康影响的特定 PM 源，人们还没有完全了解。2009 年 7 月至 2010 年 6 月，使用 ChemVol 采样器在城市站点（G.T. Craig（GTC））和农村站点（Chippewa Lake（CLM））采集了分粒径 PM（粗、细和超细）样本，并进行了化学分析。将得到的特定 PM 数据通过 EPA 正矩阵因子分析进行分配，以确定每个粒径和位置的排放源。为了与 ChemVol 结果进行比较，还使用顺序二分和被动采样器采集了 PM 样本，并评估了每个采样点的源贡献。ChemVol 结果表明，GTC 粗粒径 PM、元素碳和无机元素的年平均浓度分别约为 CLM 的 2、7 和 3 倍，而两个站点的较小粒径则具有相似的年平均浓度。两个站点都观察到了二次气溶胶的季节性变化（例如，冬季高 NO 水平和夏季高 SO 水平）。源分配结果表明，GTC 和 CLM 的 PM 样本富含当地工业源（例如，钢铁厂和燃煤电厂），但其贡献受到气象条件和排放源运行条件的影响。综上所述，全年的 PM 收集和数据分析为了解克利夫兰大气域中城市中心和农村上风背景位置的 PM 特性和来源提供了有价值的见解。这些数据将用于对 PM 样本进行分类，以进行毒理学研究，以确定哪些 PM 源、物种和粒径对健康的关注最大。
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