Rapid and Continued T-Cell Differentiation into Long-term Effector and Memory Stem Cells in Vaccinated Melanoma Patients.

Patients with cancer benefit increasingly from T-cell-based therapies, such as adoptive T-cell transfer, checkpoint blockade, or vaccination. We have previously shown that serial vaccinations with Melan-A peptide, CpG-B, and incomplete Freund adjuvant (IFA) generated robust tumor-specific CD8 T-cell responses in patients with melanoma. Here, we describe the detailed kinetics of early- and long-term establishment of T-cell frequency, differentiation (into memory and effector cells), polyfunctionality, and clonotype repertoire induced by vaccination. Twenty-nine patients with melanoma were treated with multiple monthly subcutaneous vaccinations consisting of CpG-B, and either the native/EAA ( = 13) or the analogue/ELA ( = 16) Melan-A peptide emulsified in IFA. Phenotypes and functionality of circulating Melan-A-specific CD8 T cells were assessed directly by multiparameter flow cytometry, and TCR clonotypes were determined by mRNA transcript analyses of individually sorted cells. Our results highlight the determining impact of the initial vaccine injections on the rapid and strong induction of differentiated effector T cells in both patient cohorts. Moreover, long-term polyfunctional effector T-cell responses were associated with expansion of stem cell-like memory T cells over time along vaccination. Dominant TCR clonotypes emerged early and persisted throughout the entire period of observation. Interestingly, one highly dominant clonotype was found shared between memory and effector subsets. Peptide/CpG-B/IFA vaccination induced powerful long-term T-cell responses with robust effector cells and stem cell-like memory cells. These results support the further development of CpG-B-based cancer vaccines, either alone or as specific component of combination therapies. .