针对美国执法人员执行公务时的袭击：情境背景与致死性预测因素
Assaults against U.S. law enforcement officers in the line-of-duty: situational context and predictors of lethality.
作者信息
Crifasi Cassandra K, Pollack Keshia M, Webster Daniel W
机构信息
Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Center for Gun Policy and Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
Johns Hopkins Education and Research Center for Occupational Safety and Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
出版信息
Inj Epidemiol. 2016 Dec;3(1):29. doi: 10.1186/s40621-016-0094-3. Epub 2016 Nov 25.
BACKGROUND
Research on occupational safety of law enforcement officers (LEOs) has primarily focused on fatal assaults. Nonfatal assaults, however, have received little attention. The goal of this study was to describe the situational contexts in which LEOs are assaulted, and compare these contexts and risks between fatal and nonfatal assaults in the U.S. Analyzing both types of assaults provides a more complete understanding of occupational safety and opportunities for intervention.
METHODS
This study includes a descriptive epidemiology of fatal and nonfatal assaults of LEOs in the U.S. and a pooled cross-sectional analysis of risk factors contributing to the odds of lethal assault. Data were collected from the Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted database. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize fatal and nonfatal assaults. Odds ratios were generated to understand the odds that an assault would result in a fatality.
RESULTS
Between 1998 and 2013, there were 791 fatal assaults and 2,022 nonfatal assaults of LEOs. Nearly 60% of primary wounds in fatal assaults were received to the head, neck, or throat while nearly 50% of primary wounds in nonfatal assaults were received to the arms/hands or below the waist. The odds that an assault resulted in a fatality decreased by 57% (OR 0.43, 95% CI 0.32 to 0.58) when a LEO was wearing body armor. LEOs experiencing an ambush or unprovoked attack had significantly increased odds of an assault resulting in a fatality (OR 3.27, 95% CI 1.83 to 5.85 and OR 2.24, 95% CI 1.44 to 3.47 respectively). LEOs that were disarmed during an encounter with a suspect had more than 2-fold increased odds of an assault resulting in a fatality (OR 2.24, 95% CI 1.48 to 3.38).
CONCLUSIONS
There are specific situational and encounter characteristics that influence the lethality of an assault, which suggest strategies for prevention. Mandatory wear policies for the use of body armor could significantly reduce mortality among assaulted LEOs.
背景
执法人员职业安全研究主要集中在致命袭击方面。然而，非致命袭击却很少受到关注。本研究的目的是描述执法人员遭受袭击的情境，并比较美国致命袭击和非致命袭击的这些情境及风险。对这两种类型的袭击进行分析能更全面地了解职业安全及干预机会。
方法
本研究包括美国执法人员致命和非致命袭击的描述性流行病学研究，以及对导致致命袭击几率的风险因素进行汇总横断面分析。数据从执法人员伤亡和受袭数据库收集。使用描述性统计来描述致命和非致命袭击情况。生成比值比以了解袭击导致死亡的几率。
结果
1998年至2013年期间，执法人员遭受791次致命袭击和2022次非致命袭击。致命袭击中近60%的主要伤口在头部、颈部或喉咙，而非致命袭击中近50%的主要伤口在手臂/手部或腰部以下。当执法人员穿着防弹衣时，袭击导致死亡的几率降低了57%（比值比0.43，95%置信区间0.32至0.58）。遭遇伏击或无端攻击的执法人员，袭击导致死亡的几率显著增加（分别为比值比3.27，95%置信区间1.83至5.85和比值比2.24，95%置信区间1.44至3.47）。在与嫌疑人接触期间被缴械的执法人员，袭击导致死亡的几率增加了两倍多（比值比2.24，95%置信区间1.48至3.38）。
结论
存在影响袭击致死率的特定情境和遭遇特征，这提示了预防策略。强制使用防弹衣的政策可显著降低受袭执法人员的死亡率。
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