Structural Analysis of G-Quadruplex Formation at the Human MEST Promoter.

The promoter region of the imprinted gene MEST contains several motifs capable of forming G-quadruplex (G4) structures, which appear to contribute to consistent allelic dropout during polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of this region. Here, we extend our previous analysis of MEST G4 structures by applying fluorescent footprinting techniques to assess non B-DNA structure and topology in dsDNA from the full MEST promoter region, under conditions that mimic PCR. We demonstrate that the buffer used for PCR provides an extremely favourable milieu for G4 formation, and that cytosine methylation helps maintain G4 structures during PCR. Additionally, we demonstrate G4 formation at motifs not previously identified through bioinformatic analysis of the MEST promoter, and provide nucleotide level resolution for topological reconstruction of these structures. These observations increase our understanding of the mechanisms through which methylation and G4 contribute towards allelic drop-out during PCR.