Ashworth Daniel J, Yates Scott R, Shen Guoqing
a Department of Environmental Sciences , University of California , Riverside , California , USA.
b USDA-ARS , Salinity Laboratory , Riverside , California , USA.
J Environ Sci Health B. 2017 Feb;52(2):99-106. doi: 10.1080/03601234.2016.1239981. Epub 2016 Oct 24.
Emissions of volatile soil fumigant 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) from soil to air are a significant concern in relation to air quality, and cost-effective strategies to reduce such emissions are urgently required by growers to help them comply with increasingly stringent regulations. In this work, application of a rice husk-derived biochar to the surface of a sandy loam soil chamber reduced soil-air emissions of 1,3-D from 42% in a control (no biochar) to 8% due to adsorption onto the biochar. This adsorbed 1,3-D showed a potential for re-volatilization into air and solubilization into the soil-liquid phase. Biochar at the soil surface also reduced soil-gas concentrations in the upper soil; based on the determination of concentration-time values, this may limit 1,3-D-induced nematode control in the upper soil. In batch studies, the mixing of biochar into the soil severely limited nematode control; 1,3-D application rates around four times greater than the maximum permissible limit would be required to give nematode control under such conditions. Therefore, the use of biochar as a surface amendment, while showing an emission reduction benefit, may limit pest control during subsequent fumigations if, as seems probable, it is plowed into the soil.
挥发性土壤熏蒸剂1,3 - 二氯丙烯（1,3 - D）从土壤向空气中的排放是空气质量方面的一个重大问题，种植者迫切需要具有成本效益的策略来减少此类排放，以帮助他们遵守日益严格的法规。在这项研究中，将稻壳衍生的生物炭施用于砂壤土试验箱表面，由于1,3 - D吸附到生物炭上，使土壤 - 空气的1,3 - D排放量从对照（无生物炭）的42%降低到了8%。这种吸附的1,3 - D显示出重新挥发到空气中以及溶解到土壤液相中的可能性。土壤表面的生物炭还降低了上层土壤中的土壤气体浓度；基于浓度 - 时间值的测定，这可能会限制上层土壤中1,3 - D对线虫的防治效果。在批量研究中，将生物炭混入土壤中会严重限制对线虫的防治；在这种情况下，需要1,3 - D的施用量比最大允许限量大四倍左右才能对线虫进行防治。因此，将生物炭用作表面改良剂虽然显示出减排效益，但如果像可能发生的那样将其翻耕到土壤中，在随后的熏蒸过程中可能会限制害虫防治效果。
