Double cuticle barrier in two global pests, the whitefly and the bedbug .

The integument protects the organism against penetration of xenobiotics and water that would potentially interfere with homeostasis. In insects that play key roles in a variety of agricultural and ecological habitats, this inward barrier has barely been investigated. In order to advance knowledge in this field, we studied integumental barrier (cuticle) permeability in the two global pests (greenhouse whitefly) and (bedbug), applying a simple dye-penetration assay. In agreement with our recent findings in , we show that the surface of these insects is regionalised. We also show that, in contrast to the single barrier in , two barriers with distinct temperature-sensitive and lipid-based physico-chemical material properties act in parallel to protect these insects against penetration of hydrophilic molecules. These findings imply the existence of unexplored mechanisms by which the cuticle acts as a protective coat against the penetration of water and xenobiotics, including pollutants and insecticides.