Brooks Kevin R
Department of Psychology and Perception and Action Research Centre, Faculty of Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
Iperception. 2017 Jan 1;8(1):2041669516680114. doi: 10.1177/2041669516680114. eCollection 2017 Jan-Feb.
The history of the expression of three-dimensional structure in art can be traced from the use of occlusion in Palaeolithic cave paintings, through the use of shadow in classical art, to the development of perspective during the Renaissance. However, the history of the use of stereoscopic techniques is controversial. Although the first stereoscopic images were presented by Wheatstone in 1838, it has been claimed that two sketches by Jacopo Chimenti da Empoli (c. 1600) can be to be fused to yield an impression of stereoscopic depth, while others suggest that Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa is the world's first stereogram. Here, we report the first quantitative study of perceived depth in these works, in addition to more recent works by Salvador Dalí. To control for the contribution of monocular depth cues, ratings of the magnitude and coherence of depth were recorded for both stereoscopic and pseudoscopic presentations, with a genuine contribution of stereoscopic cues revealed by a difference between these scores. Although effects were clear for Wheatstone and Dalí's images, no such effects could be found for works produced earlier. As such, we have no evidence to reject the conventional view that the first producer of stereoscopic imagery was Sir Charles Wheatstone.
艺术中三维结构表达的历史可以追溯到旧石器时代洞穴壁画中对遮挡的运用，历经古典艺术中对阴影的使用，直至文艺复兴时期透视法的发展。然而，立体技术的使用历史存在争议。尽管1838年惠斯通展示了首批立体图像，但有人声称雅各布·奇门蒂·达·恩波利（约1600年）的两幅素描可以融合产生立体深度的印象，而其他人则认为列奥纳多·达·芬奇的《蒙娜丽莎》是世界上第一幅立体图。在此，我们报告了对这些作品以及萨尔瓦多·达利近期作品中感知深度的首次定量研究。为了控制单眼深度线索的影响，我们记录了立体和假立体呈现中深度大小和连贯性的评分，通过这些分数之间的差异揭示了立体线索的真正作用。尽管惠斯通和达利的图像效果明显，但早期作品中未发现此类效果。因此，我们没有证据反驳传统观点，即立体图像的首位创作者是查尔斯·惠斯通爵士。
