Enhanced transportability of zero valent iron nanoparticles in aquifer sediments: surface modifications, reactivity, and particle traveling distances.

In this study, we assessed the transportability of zero valent iron nanoparticles (nano-Fe) coated with different organics (carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC), poly acrylic acid (PAA), and xanthan gum) in standard porous sand and in real aquifer sediments. Our results suggest that the organic surface coatings optimized for nano-Fe in porous sand media do not necessarily reflect the same transportability in real field aquifer sediment. Xanthan gum-coated nano-Fe showed highest transportability in standard porous sand, but the performance was much lower in real aquifer sediment, whereas the PAA-coated nano-Fe particle showed better transportability both in aquifer sediment and in porous sand media. Nano-Fe without organic surface coating exhibited very low transportability and was largely retained by the porous medium. Our results suggest that the molecular weight and surface charge density of the organic may play a role in transportability of these nanoparticles. To assess the impact of organic coating on the nanoparticle reactivity with contaminants, we also conducted batch tests to follow TCE degradation using different surface coatings and found no significant difference albeit a minor delay in kinetics. Using theoretical calculations, we also estimated the potential distance traveled by nanoparticles in porous sand as well as in aquifer sediment. Our results suggest that using xanthan gum and PAA as surface coating, nano-Fe could travel up to 9.8 and 4.1 m, respectively, in the porous sand media as compared to 0.2 and 0.9 m in real aquifer sediment, respectively. Graphical abstract Nanoparticle mobility in porous sand vs and aquifer sediment.