IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2018 Jan;65(1):199-206. doi: 10.1109/TBME.2017.2698036. Epub 2017 Apr 25.
The objective is to design a fully automated glycemia controller of Type-1 Diabetes (T1D) in both fasting and postprandial phases on a large number of virtual patients.
A model-free intelligent proportional-integral-derivative (iPID) is used to infuse insulin. The feasibility of iPID is tested in silico on two simulators with and without measurement noise. The first simulator is derived from a long-term linear time-invariant model. The controller is also validated on the UVa/Padova metabolic simulator on 10 adults under 25 runs/subject for noise robustness test.
It was shown that without measurement noise, iPID mimicked the normal pancreatic secretion with a relatively fast reaction to meals as compared to a standard PID. With the UVa/Padova simulator, the robustness against CGM noise was tested. A higher percentage of time in target was obtained with iPID as compared to standard PID with reduced time spent in hyperglycemia.
Two different T1D simulators tests showed that iPID detects meals and reacts faster to meal perturbations as compared to a classic PID. The intelligent part turns the controller to be more aggressive immediately after meals without neglecting safety. Further research is suggested to improve the computation of the intelligent part of iPID for such systems under actuator constraints. Any improvement can impact the overall performance of the model-free controller.
The simple structure iPID is a step for PID-like controllers since it combines the classic PID nice properties with new adaptive features.
旨在为 1 型糖尿病（T1D）患者在空腹和餐后阶段设计一个完全自动化的血糖控制器，使用大量虚拟患者进行测试。
采用无模型智能比例-积分-微分（iPID）控制算法进行胰岛素输注。在具有和不具有测量噪声的两个模拟器中对 iPID 的可行性进行了仿真测试。第一个模拟器源自长期线性时不变模型。该控制器还在 UVa/Padova 代谢模拟器上对 10 名成年人进行了 25 次/受试者的测试，以进行噪声鲁棒性测试。
结果表明，在没有测量噪声的情况下，与标准 PID 相比，iPID 模拟了正常的胰腺分泌，对餐食的反应相对较快。在使用 UVa/Padova 模拟器时，对 CGM 噪声的鲁棒性进行了测试。与标准 PID 相比，iPID 获得了更高的目标时间百分比，同时减少了高血糖时间。
两种不同的 T1D 模拟器测试表明，与经典 PID 相比，iPID 能更快地检测到餐食并对餐食扰动做出反应。智能部分会在进食后立即使控制器变得更加激进，同时不会忽略安全性。建议进一步研究，以改进具有执行器约束的此类系统中 iPID 的智能部分的计算。任何改进都可能会影响无模型控制器的整体性能。
简单结构的 iPID 是 PID 类控制器的一个进步，因为它将经典 PID 的良好特性与新的自适应特性结合在一起。
